謀殺級雀尾螳螂蝦（慢動作）- Smarter Every Day 121：英語精讀講義

about this one.

關於這個。

Yeah.

是的。

Hey,

嘿，

it's me Destin.

我是Destin。

Welcome back to Smarter Every Day.

歡迎回到Smarter Every Day。

So, I've seen enough videos on the internet

所以，我在網路上看過很多

of a mantis shrimp punching to have a good idea of what's going on, 講解

螳螂蝦出拳的影片，大概知道是怎麼回事了，

but I don't understand it,

但我還是不太懂，

like at the mechanical level. 片語搭配

比如在力學層面上。

So, today on Smarter Every Day,

所以，今天在Smarter Every Day，

my sister has volunteered to model three seemingly unrelated objects

我妹妹自願用三個看似不相干的物體做模型

to help us understand this a little bit better.

來幫助我們更好地理解。

But first, let's go to James Cook University 表達脈絡

但首先，讓我們去James Cook University

and watch one punch in slow motion.

看看它慢動作出拳。

Okay,

好的，

where are we going?

我們要去哪？

We are going to a place called Yorkeys Knob.

我們要去一個叫Yorkeys Knob的地方。

No. Shut up.

不。別鬧了。

That's the name of it?

它的名字就叫這個？

To get some crabs.

去抓些螃蟹。

To get some crabs?

去抓些螃蟹？

We're not.

我們不是。

From Yorkeys Knob.

從Yorkeys Knob。

Yeah.

對。

I was hoping I could use that but 語氣意圖

我本希望能用那段，但

I can't.

我不能用。

It's true.

這是真的。

You weren't lying.

你沒撒謊。

So,

所以，

Yorkeys Knob.

Yorkeys Knob。

Now I have to find crabs.

現在我得找螃蟹了。

That's a good one.

這只是個不錯的。

Grab that one.

抓那隻。

Got him?

抓到了嗎？

Got him.

抓到了。

There you go.

給。

Crabs in test tubes.

裝在試管裡的螃蟹。

I have to say I've never seen that before. 語氣意圖

我得說我以前從沒見過這陣勢。

It works.

這很管用。

It'll be cool.

會很酷的。

So, what we'll do is we'll take one of the test tubes with the crab in it. 文法

那麼，我們要做的就是拿一個裝有螃蟹的試管。

Yeah.

對。

Put the test tube down here which will keep the crab there.

把試管放在這兒，這樣螃蟹就會呆在那。

He'll come out and go

牠會出來然後

bang,

砰，

hit the crab and smash the test tube.

擊中螃蟹並打碎試管。

Really?

真的嗎？

So, the mantis shrimp is

那麼，這隻螳螂蝦是

it's a peacock mantis shrimp.

這是一隻雀尾螳螂蝦。

Yep.

是的。

Look at that joker.

看看這個傢伙。

It's pretty awesome.

牠太帥了。

Hey, don't they see more colors than any other animal? 語氣意圖

嘿，牠們能看到的顏色是不是比其他動物都多？

Yeah.

是的。

They got incredible vision

牠們有令人難以置信的視力，

and their eyes are setup in parts of three.

並且牠們的眼睛分為三個部分。

So, the top bits look in a different part,

所以，頂部看到的是不同的部分，

from the middle which looks at a different part

跟中間看到的不同，

from the bottom.

也跟底部看到的不同。

Kind of like the fovea on our eyes is different from... Okay.

有點像我們眼睛的中央凹不同於……好吧。

Yeah.

對。

Out we come.

我們出來了。

Move little crab.

走吧，小螃蟹。

Bang!

砰！

It triggered.

牠觸發了。

Pull him out.

把牠拉出來。

Pull him out.

把牠拉出來。

Yeah.

對。

That's crazy.

太瘋狂了。

So, let's back it up and watch again 片語動詞

那麼，我們回放一下再看一遍，

and you'll notice that there's a cavitation bubble 表達脈絡

你會注意到有一個空化氣泡

generated at the exact point of impact.

恰好在撞擊點產生。

Okay,

好的，

first of all, 表達脈絡

首先，

a mantis shrimp isn't even a shrimp. 文法

螳螂蝦根本就不是蝦。

It's actually a stomatopod.

牠其實屬於口足目動物。

We call it a shrimp because it kind of looks like it, 語氣意圖

我們叫牠蝦是因為牠長得有點像，

but we also call it a mantis because it's similar to a preying mantis with its forearms.

我們也叫牠螳螂是因為牠的前肢跟螳螂很像。

They have similar hunting strategies.

牠們有相似的狩獵策略。

Dr. Seymour says that punch is so fast that it can't be accomplished by muscle movement alone. 文法

Seymour博士說那一拳快到不可能僅僅通過肌肉運動來完成。

There has to be something else going on, 文法

肯定還有其他的機制，

which brings up Sheila Patek. 片語動詞

這就引出了Sheila Patek。

Believe it or not, 表達脈絡

信不信由你，

Dr. Patek has determined that the shape of this potato chip is the secret to the punch of the mantis shrimp. 片語搭配

Patek博士確定這種洋芋片的形狀就是螳螂蝦出拳的秘密。

Seriously,

說真的，

this shape is called a hyperbolic paraboloid,

這個形狀叫做雙曲拋物面，

and if you've ever taken calculus, you've seen it. 文法

如果你學過微積分，你一定見過。

It's basically a saddle shape and they're super strong.

基本上牠就是馬鞍形，而且超級堅固。

This saddle is located on top of the smasher

這個馬鞍形位於擊打器的頂部，

and the stomatopod uses his muscles to compress it like a spring

口足目動物用肌肉把它像彈簧一樣壓縮，

and he holds it back with a latch mechanism. 片語動詞

並用一個鎖扣機制將其固定。

He then releases this potential energy and it drives the club forward

然後牠釋放這種勢能，驅動錘節向前，

at a much higher velocity than would be possible with muscle alone. 文法

速度比單靠肌肉所能達到的要高得多。

So, the next time you eat one of these,

所以，下次你吃這種洋芋片的時候，

remember,

記住，

there's another animal eating with the same shape you are.

還有另一種動物正在用跟你吃的東西一樣的形狀，

only he's doing it at the bottom of the ocean

只不過牠是在海底這樣做，

and he's got that shape integrated into the top of his arm.

而且那個形狀已經集成在牠手臂的頂部。

If you've ever played with a Vise Clamp before,

如果你以前玩過萬能鉗，

you've seen this type of mechanism.

你就見過這種機制。

You can slowly clamp down on the tool which uses a cam-over action to lock it in place. 講解

你可以慢慢地夾緊工具，它利用凸輪過中心動作將其鎖定到位。

And if you have it set right and squeeze it hard, 文法

如果你設置正確並用力擠壓，

you store up mechanical strain energy. 片語動詞

你就儲存了機械應變能。

When you trip the latch, 用詞

當你鬆開鎖扣時，

the energy is released and the arm flies forward real fast.

能量釋放，機械臂飛快地向前飛去。

But think about this.

但是想想這個。

Mantis shrimp use their little clubber to break open shells 片語搭配

螳螂蝦用牠們的小錘子敲開貝殼，

that are really hard, right? 語氣意圖

那些貝殼真的很硬，對吧？

So, why does the shell break and the club doesn't? 文法

那麼，為什麼貝殼碎了而錘子沒碎呢？

Let's watch another clip.

讓我們看另一個片段。

This is Dr. Seymour feeding a crab to the stomatopod,

這是Seymour博士在餵口足目動物吃螃蟹，

except this time there's no test tube. 表達脈絡

只是這次沒有試管了。

It's like... It's flicking the um...

就像……牠在彈那個……

It's like the rock.

就像石頭。

Take the crab.

拿上螃蟹。

Did you get it?

拍到了嗎？

Don't know.

不知道。

Maybe.

也許吧。

I feel for that crab. 慣用語

我真同情那隻螃蟹。

Watch again closer and see if you can see the

再仔細看一遍，看你能不能看到

saddle release the energy.

馬鞍形釋放能量。

Good grief.

天哪。

Snapped it straight in half. 片語搭配

直接把牠打成了兩半。

We're talking about serious forces here. 表達脈絡

我們在這裡談論的可是相當巨大的力量。

In engineering,

在工程學中，

we take two materials and we combine them together into composites

我們將兩種材料結合在一起製成複合材料，

to make them stronger.

使它們更堅固。

For example,

例如，

plywood is made of many layers of wood with the fibers oriented in two different directions. 文法

膠合板由許多層木頭製成，纖維朝向兩個不同的方向。

Mantis shrimp,

螳螂蝦，

however,

然而，

take this to the next level with an organic polymer called chitin. 慣用語

用一種叫做幾丁質的有機聚合物將其提升到了一個新的層次。

At the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard,

在哈佛大學Wyss生物啟發工程研究所，

they determined that these fibers aren't rotated only in two principle directions like plywood,

他們確定這些纖維不僅像膠合板那樣在兩個主要方向上旋轉，

it's an entire helix,

而是一個完整的螺旋結構，

which gives the structure strength in many different directions.

這使得結構在許多不同方向上都具有強度。

These strands are then bonded together in a mineralized matrix,

然後將這些原纖維結合在礦化基質中，

which makes the whole thing an incredibly strong smasher. 文法

使得整個結構成為一個極其堅固的擊打器。

But it gets crazier than that. 表達脈絡

但還有更瘋狂的。

The team put a section of the smasher in a synchrotron

團隊將擊打器的一部分放進同步輻射加速器，

so they could analyze the material makeup. 文法

以便他們分析材料成分。

A synchrotron,

同步輻射加速器，

that's like a particle accelerator.

就像粒子加速器。

This is crazy science.

這是瘋狂的科學。

They bombarded it hundreds of times to understand the density

他們對其轟擊了數百次，以了解其密度，

and the local orientation of the crystals in the material.

以及材料中晶體的局部取向。

And guess what? 語氣意圖

你猜怎麼著？

They found that the crystals near the surface were oriented perpendicular to the impact site 片語搭配

他們發現表面附近的晶體方向垂直於撞擊點，

and that orientation changed as we move away from the impact site. 文法

並且隨著我們遠離撞擊點，該方向會發生變化。

Basically,

基本上，

the material changes composition and strength at different locations on the inside.

材料內部不同位置的成分和強度都會改變。

The impact surface is incredibly hard,

撞擊表面堅硬無比，

but the internal structure transitions smoothly to allow the distribution 片語搭配

但內部結構平滑過渡，允許分散

of a huge impulse load

巨大的脈衝載荷

throughout the rest of that structure so it can punch stuff all day long without breaking.

到其餘結構中，這樣牠就能整天敲擊東西而不會斷裂。

So, instead of a normal composite like plywood,

所以，不同於像膠合板這樣的普通複合材料，

which are identical layers stacked up and glued together,

它是由相同的層堆疊並粘合在一起的，

a mantis shrimp club is a variable composite,

螳螂蝦的錘子是一種可變複合材料，

meaning you can vary the material makeup and the strength orientation

這意味著你可以改變材料的組成和強度方向，

wherever you need it. 文法

在任何你需要的地方。

This is an incredibly smart way to design a system.

這是一種極其聰明的系統設計方式。

In summary, 表達脈絡

總而言之，

I want you to love the mantis shrimp.

我希望你能愛上螳螂蝦。

I don't want you to love it just because of the mechanics of how it throws the punch,

我不想你僅僅因為牠的出拳力學而愛上牠，

not because of the chemistry of the variable composition

不是因為可變成分的化學，

of the crystalline structure,

或者晶體結構，

the optics.

還有光學。

It can see circularly polarized light.

牠能看到圓偏振光。

This is an incredible incredible animal

這是一種不可思議的動物，

and I want you to think about it every time you eat a chip like this.

我希望你每次吃這種洋芋片時都能想到牠。

Can you do that for me? 語氣意圖

能為我這麼做嗎？

Okay,

好的，

I hope you enjoyed learning how mantis shrimp club.

希望你喜歡了解螳螂蝦如何出擊。

It's all about the hyperbolic paraboloid 片語搭配

這一切都與雙曲拋物面有關，

or as my Cal 3 teacher taught me,

或者正如我的微積分3老師教我的那樣，

hyperbowic pawabawoid.

雙區拋勿面。

Anyway,

無論如何，

I'm Destin.

我是Destin。

You're getting smarter every day.

你正在每天變得更聰明。

If you're interested in supporting the crazy trips I do, 語氣意圖

如果你有興趣支持我瘋狂的旅行，

please consider supporting on audible.com/smarter.

請考慮在audible.com/smarter上支持我。

You can get any audiobook you want.

你可以獲得任何你想要的有聲書。

I listened to 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea when I did this series

在做這個系列時我聽了《海底兩萬里》，

because I wanted to learn more about marine life.

因為我想更多地了解海洋生物。

Jules Verne nailed it. 慣用語

儒勒·凡爾納寫得太棒了。

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea,

《海底兩萬里》，

audible.com/smarter.

audible.com/smarter。

Thank you so much for your support.

非常感謝你的支持。

I'll leave a link in the video description.

我會在影片簡介中留個連結。

I'm Destin.

我是Destin。

You're getting smarter every day.

你正在每天變得更聰明。

Have a good one. 片語搭配

祝你愉快。

It's Derek.

是Derek。

He video bombed me. 用詞

他搶了我的鏡頭。

Oh, crap.

噢，糟糕。

We could bring the lighting down on the chip, please. Perfect.

能把洋芋片上的燈光調暗點嗎，謝謝。完美。

That was really dumb.

剛才那真蠢。

Which is why I think I'm gonna use it. 表達脈絡

所以我覺得我要保留這一段。