跨性別的科學 ft. Gigi Gorgeous：英語精讀講義

There's a lot of misinformation out there about what it means to be transgender, 講解

關於身為跨性別者究竟意味著什麼，外界流傳著許多錯誤資訊，

but recently scientists have begun to look more closely into the neurology, 片語動詞

不過最近，科學家開始更深入研究背後的神經學、

physiology, and psychology behind it.

生理學與心理學原理。

So today, we're going to break down what science does know in a respectful and educational way. 片語動詞

所以今天，我們會以尊重且具有教育意義的方式，帶大家了解科學目前已知的事實。

Hey guys,

嗨，大家好，

I'm Gigi Gorgeous,

我是 Gigi Gorgeous，

and today I'm here with AsapSCIENCE to break down the science of being transgender.

今天我會和 AsapSCIENCE 一起，為大家解析跨性別背後的科學。

Before we get too deep into it, 慣用語

在深入探討之前，

we have to look at your genetic sex or the chromosomes you have.

我們得先了解你在遺傳學上的性別，也就是你擁有的染色體。

These were determined right at fertilization,

這些在受精的那一刻就已經決定了：

when the sperm cell from your father,

來自父親的精子

which carries an X or a Y chromosome,

帶有一條 X 或 Y 染色體，

fused with the egg from your mother, 片語搭配

會與來自母親的卵子結合，

which carries an X chromosome.

而卵子帶有一條 X 染色體。

But until six or seven weeks after fertilization,

不過，在受精後的前六到七週，

both XY and XX embryos have identical gonads.

XY 與 XX 胚胎的性腺完全相同。

Around seven weeks,

大約到了第七週，

the male sex organs start to develop because of a gene on the Y chromosome called SRY.

Y 染色體上一個名為 SRY 的基因會促使男性生殖器官開始發育。

It causes cells to become more specialized,

它會使細胞進一步分化，

and these cells create testosterone,

這些細胞會產生睪固酮，

which in turn triggers the development of structures like the penis and scrotum, 表達脈絡

睪固酮接著會促使陰莖、陰囊等構造發育，

while other cells block female development by degenerating the female ducts. 文法

同時，其他細胞會使女性生殖管退化，藉此阻止女性生殖系統發育。

However, in female development,

而在女性發育的過程中，

because there is no Y chromosome with the SRY gene,

由於沒有帶有 SRY 基因的 Y 染色體，

these ducts stay intact and become the uterus, cervix, upper vagina,

這些生殖管會保留下來，並發育成子宮、子宮頸、陰道上部，

and the oviduct with the help of estrogen and chemicals secreted by the early kidney. 片語搭配

以及輸卵管；這個過程還需要雌激素與早期腎臟分泌的化學物質協助。

But it's not always that simple. 表達脈絡

但事情並不總是這麼簡單。

There are sometimes even rare combinations like XXY, XXX, XXYY, etc.

有時甚至會出現 XXY、XXX、XXYY 等罕見的染色體組合。

and even people with XX chromosomes that develop male genitals and characteristics

甚至有些擁有 XX 染色體的人會發育出男性生殖器與男性特徵，

due to a piece of the Y chromosome breaking off and switching places to an X chromosome. 片語動詞

這是因為 Y 染色體的一小段斷裂，並轉移到了 X 染色體上。

But sexual differentiation in the brain actually happens much later than gonadal differentiation. 文法

不過，大腦的性別分化其實遠晚於性腺分化。

And yes,

沒錯，

although controversial, 表達脈絡

儘管這點仍有爭議，

male and female brains have structural and functional differences between each other.

男性與女性的大腦在構造與功能上確實有所不同。

Studies have found that males generally have a larger cerebrum, cerebellum, and hippocampus, 表達脈絡

研究發現，一般而言，男性的大腦、小腦與海馬迴體積較大，

while females have higher density left frontal lobes and larger volumes in the right frontal lobes.

而女性的左額葉密度較高，右額葉的體積也較大。

So what exactly do we see when we look at the brain of a transgender person? 表達脈絡

那麼，觀察跨性別者的大腦時，我們究竟會看到什麼？

Several studies have shown that transgender brains are both structurally and functionally more similar to their experienced gender identity than their biological sex. 文法

多項研究顯示，跨性別者的大腦在構造與功能上，都更接近他們自我認同的性別，而非生理性別。

One study found that trans women,

一項研究發現，跨性別女性

who, despite being assigned male at birth, 講解

儘管出生時被指定為男性，

had a smaller female-sized structure in the hypothalamus.

其下視丘內卻有一個較小的構造，大小與女性的相應構造接近。

MRI scans also show the brain structures of trans people to be more similar in thickness to their experienced gender and not their sex. 文法

MRI 掃描也顯示，跨性別者的大腦構造在厚度上更接近他們自我認同的性別，而不是生理性別。

Finally,

最後，

the pheromone androstadienone causes different hypothalamic responses in male and female brains.

一種名為雄甾二烯酮的費洛蒙，會讓男性與女性大腦的下視丘產生不同反應。

And when individuals with gender dysphoria were exposed to it, 片語搭配

當有性別不安的人接觸到這種物質時，

the hypothalamic response matched their perceived gender rather than their sex. 片語搭配

其下視丘的反應與他們自我認知的性別一致，而非生理性別。

These studies help to highlight how masculinization or feminization of the gonads is not always the same as the brain,

這些研究有助於說明，性腺的男性化或女性化並不總是與大腦一致，

and that there's a difference between your sex or your anatomy 文法

也說明生理性別，也就是身體構造，

and your gender or how we perceive our own bodies.

與性別認同，也就是我們如何感知自己的身體，是兩回事。

There also seems to be a genetic component to transgender identity. 表達脈絡

遺傳因素似乎也會影響跨性別認同。

Looking at family histories,

從家族史來看，

gender identity incongruence seems to run in the family, 慣用語

性別認同不一致的情況似乎會在家族中一再出現，

meaning they may be inherited.

這表示這種情況可能會遺傳。

The CYP17 gene,

CYP17 基因

which controls the body's level of sex hormones,

負責調控人體內的性荷爾蒙濃度，

has a changed allele that is expressed frequently in trans men.

而該基因的一種變異等位基因常見於跨性別男性。

Although more research could be done, 表達脈絡

雖然這方面還有待更多研究，

scientists are currently looking at over 3 million DNA markers for transgender identity

科學家目前正在分析超過 300 萬個 DNA 標記，尋找與跨性別認同有關的線索，

to investigate any genetic link for being trans.

以探討跨性別是否存在遺傳關聯。

Even though scientific studies validate the experience of transgender people, 文法

儘管科學研究為跨性別者的經歷提供了佐證，

they're still suffering from more depression and anxiety than the general public. 片語搭配

他們仍比一般大眾更常受憂鬱與焦慮所苦。

The risk of suicide is more prominent in transgender people who have been rejected by their family,

如果跨性別者遭到家人排斥，他們的自殺風險會更高；

discriminated in the workplace, 文法

如果他們在職場上受到歧視，

or in healthcare.

或在醫療照護中受到歧視，風險同樣會升高。

Suicide risks seem to decrease after gender transitioning,

自殺風險在性別轉換後似乎會降低，

suggesting that gender dysphoria can cause an extreme amount of emotional pain, 表達脈絡

這顯示性別不安可能會造成極大的情緒痛苦，

even to the point of suicide. 片語搭配

甚至可能把人逼到自殺的地步。

If you, a family member,

如果你、你的家人

or a friend is suffering from gender dysphoria,

或朋友正受性別不安所苦，

there are a few links in the description for more information.

影片說明欄中有幾個連結，可以幫助你了解更多資訊。

Thank you so much Gigi for being part of this video. 語氣意圖

Gigi，非常感謝妳參與這支影片。

It means so much, 語氣意圖

這對我們意義重大，

and we're happy that you're here to do this with us.

我們也很高興妳能來和我們一起做這件事。

Oh, well thank you guys for using your channel,

喔，也謝謝你們願意運用自己的頻道，

your platform,

運用自己的平台，

validating transgender experiences with science,

透過科學為跨性別者的經歷提供佐證，

which just brings us closer to equality. 慣用語

這讓我們離平等又更近了一步。

Absolutely.

當然。

If you guys want to check out Gigi's channel,

如果大家想看看 Gigi 的頻道，

we'll put links in the description or on the screen somewhere.

我們會把連結放在影片說明欄，或是畫面上的某個位置。

Otherwise, you can subscribe for more science here every week,

另外，也歡迎訂閱我們的頻道，每週收看更多科學內容，

and we'll see you next time.

我們下次見。

Peace.

掰掰。