梵蒂岡：沒有新生兒出生的國家：英語精讀講義

Vatican City, capital of the Catholic Church,

梵蒂岡城，天主教會的首都，

home to the pope,

教宗的駐地，

owner of impressive collections of art and history all contained within the borders of the world's smallest country,

擁有令人驚嘆的藝術和歷史收藏，全部容納在這個世界最小國家的邊界內，

conveniently circumnavigatable on foot in only 40 minutes.

步行只需40分鐘即可輕鬆環遊一圈。

Just how did the world end up with this tiny nation? 片語動詞

那麼世界上怎麼會產生這麼一個微小的國家呢？

The short answer is because Mussolini, 表達脈絡

簡單的答案是因為墨索里尼，

and the long answer is fiendishly complicated.

而複雜的答案則極其繁瑣。

So here's a simplified medium version.

所以這裡提供一個簡化的中等版本。

The popes used to rule a country called the Papal States that covered much of modern-day Italy. 文法

教宗曾統治一個名為教宗國的國家，其領土覆蓋了現代義大利的大部分地區。

It was during this thousand-plus year reign that the popes constructed St. Peter's Basilica, 文法

正是在這一千多年的統治期間，教宗建造了聖彼得大教堂，

the largest church in the world,

即世界上最大的教堂，

and also built a wall around the base of a hill known as Vatican upon which St. Peter's stood. 文法

並在一座名為梵蒂岡的山丘周圍修建了城牆，聖彼得大教堂就矗立其上。

But the Kingdom of Italy next door thought Rome would make an awesome capital for their country, 講解

但是隔壁的義大利王國認為羅馬會成為他們國家的絕佳首都，

and so conquered the Papal States.

於是征服了教宗國。

His nation destroyed

國家被毀後，

the pope hid behind the walls of Vatican and conflictingly refused to acknowledge that the Kingdom of Italy existed

教宗躲進了梵蒂岡的城牆後，自相矛盾地拒絕承認義大利王國的存在，

while simultaneously complaining about being a prisoner of the Kingdom of Italy, 文法

同時又抱怨自己是義大利王國的囚徒，

which according to him didn't exist.

而按照他的說法，這個王國根本就不存在。

Rather than risk religious civil war by getting rid of the pope, 講解

為了不冒著引發宗教內戰的風險趕走教宗，

the Kingdom of Italy decided to wait him out assuming he'd eventually give up. 片語動詞

義大利王國決定和他耗下去，認為他最終會放棄。

But religion is nothing if not obstinate, 慣用語

但宗教向來是最頑固的，

and 1 2 3 4 5 popes and 60 years later,

歷經1、2、3、4、5位教宗和60年後，

nothing had changed.

情況依然如故。

Which now brings us to Benito Mussolini, 表達脈絡

這就把我們帶到了貝尼托·墨索里尼，

the then prime minister of Italy,

當時的義大利首相，

who was tired of listening to the pope complain to Italian Catholics about his self-imposed imprisonment.

他厭倦了聽教宗向義大利天主教徒抱怨他那自我施加的監禁。

So Mussolini thought he could score some political points by striking a deal which looked like this. 講解

所以墨索里尼認為他可以透過達成一項如下的協議來撈取一些政治資本。

One,

第一，

Italy gave the land of Vatican to the pope,

義大利將梵蒂岡的土地交給教宗，

and two,

第二，

Italy gave the pope a bunch of apology money.

義大利付給教宗一大筆賠償金。

In return, 表達脈絡

作為回報，

the pope acknowledged that Italy existed,

教宗承認義大利的存在，

and two,

第二，

the pope promised to remain neutral in politics and wars on the off chance that, 片語搭配

教宗承諾在政治和戰爭中保持中立，以防萬一，

you know,

你知道的，

Mussolini thought this might be a thing. 用詞

墨索里尼覺得這可能會是個事兒。

The deal was signed,

協議簽署了，

and a new country,

一個新的國家，

Vatican City,

梵蒂岡城，

was born.

誕生了。

And today,

如今，

the tiny nation on a hill has all the things you'd expect of a country,

這個位於山丘上的微小國家擁有你對一個國家所期望的一切，

its own government that makes its own laws that are enforced by its own police who put people who break them in its own jail.

它有自己的政府制定法律，由自己的警察執行，把違法者關進自己的監獄。

It also has its own bank and prints its own stamps and issues its own license plates,

它也有自己的銀行，印製自己的郵票，發行自己的車牌，

though only its citizens can drive within its borders,

雖然只有它的公民可以在其國界內開車，

presumably because of the terrible,

想必是因為那裡非常、

terrible parking.

非常糟糕的停車條件。

And as the true mark of any self-respecting nation,

而作為一個自尊國家的真正標誌，

it has its own top-level domain,

它擁有自己的頂級網域，

.va.

.va。

But despite all these national trappings, 用詞

但儘管有這些國家的外衣，

Vatican City is really not like any other country.

梵蒂岡城實際上與任何其他國家都不一樣。

Hold on to your fancy hat because it's about to get weird. 講解

抓緊你那漂亮的帽子，因為接下來的事情會變得有些古怪。

To understand the Vatican,

為了理解梵蒂岡，

there are two people and two things you need to know about.

有兩個人兼兩件事你需要了解。

The famous pope,

著名的教宗，

the incredibly confusing Holy See,

極其令人困惑的聖座，

the country of Vatican City,

梵蒂岡城國，

and along with that,

以及與之相關的，

the almost completely unknown king of Vatican City.

幾乎完全不為人知的梵蒂岡城國國王。

But first,

首先，

the pope,

教宗，

who gets a throne to sit upon and from which he acts as the bishop for all the Catholics in Rome. 片語搭配

他擁有一個可以坐的寶座，以此作為全羅馬天主教徒的主教行使職權。

Actually, all bishops in the Catholic Church get their own thrones,

實際上，天主教會所有的主教都有自己的寶座，

but because the bishop of Rome is also the pope,

但因為羅馬主教也是教宗，

his throne is special and has its own special name,

他的寶座是特殊的，並且有自己的專用名稱，

the Holy See. 文化背景

即聖座（Holy See）。

Every time a pope dies or retires,

每次有教宗去世或退休時，

there is a sort of Game of Thrones to see which of the bishops will next get to occupy the Holy See.

就會上演一場類似《權力遊戲》的戲碼，看哪位主教會是下一個佔據聖座的人。

So while popes come and go, 慣用語

所以雖然教宗來來去去，

the throne is eternal,

但寶座是永恆的，

and as such, 表達脈絡

正因如此，

the name the Holy See not only refers to the throne, 文法

聖座這個名字不僅指代寶座，

but also all the rules that make the Catholic Church the Catholic Church.

也指代使天主教會成為天主教會的所有規則。

When Mussolini crafted that aforementioned deal,

當墨索里尼制定前面提到的那項協議時，

technically he gave the land of Vatican City to the Holy See,

嚴格來說，他把梵蒂岡城的土地交給了聖座，

which,

而聖座，

believe it or not, 語氣意圖

信不信由你，

is a legal corporate person in international law. 用詞

在國際法上是一個合法的法人。

Basically,

基本上，

every time you hear the words the Holy See,

每次你聽到「聖座」這個詞，

think Catholic Church Incorporated,

就可以將其看作「天主教會股份有限公司」，

of which the pope is the CEO.

而教宗就是其執行長。

Now,

現在，

back to the king.

說回國王。

The king of Vatican City has absolute unchecked power within the country's borders, 片語搭配

梵蒂岡城國王在該國國界內擁有絕對的、不受制約的權力，

and his presence makes Vatican City one of only six remaining absolute monarchies in the world, 文法

他的存在使梵蒂岡城成為世界上僅存的六個絕對君主制國家之一，

including Brunei,

其中包括汶萊、

Oman,

阿曼、

Qatar,

卡達、

Saudi Arabia,

沙烏地阿拉伯，

and Swaziland.

和史瓦濟蘭。

The king's absolute power is why Vatican City can't join the European Union because only democracies are allowed.

國王的絕對權力正是梵蒂岡城無法加入歐盟的原因，因為歐盟只允許民主國家加入。

Though Vatican City does,

雖然梵蒂岡城確實，

strictly speaking, 語氣意圖

嚴格來說，

have a legislative branch of government staffed by cardinals appointed by the pope, 文法

有一個由教宗任命的樞機主教組成的立法機構，

the king of Vatican City can overrule their decisions at any time for any reason.

但梵蒂岡城國王可以隨時以任何理由否決他們的決定。

So why do you never hear about the king of Vatican City?

那麼為什麼你從來沒聽說過梵蒂岡城國王呢？

Because though king and pope are two different roles,

因為雖然國王和教宗是兩個不同的角色，

they just happen to be occupied by the same person at the same time, 文法

但他們恰巧在同一時間由同一個人擔任，

which has the funny consequence that because the pope is elected and the king is all powerful,

這產生了一個有趣的後果，那就是因為教宗是選舉產生的，而國王擁有絕對權力，

but they're the same guy,

但他們又是同一個人，

it makes Vatican City the world's only elected non-hereditary absolute monarchy. 文化背景

這就使得梵蒂岡城成為世界上唯一一個由選舉產生的非世襲絕對君主制國家。

It's this dual role that makes untangling Vatican City so difficult because the pope,

正是這種雙重角色使得理清梵蒂岡城變得如此困難，因為教宗，

depending on the situation,

視情況而定，

acts either as the king of the country of Vatican City or the pope of the Holy See.

要麼作為梵蒂岡城國的國王行事，要麼作為聖座的教宗行事。

Got it?

明白了嗎？

No?

沒有？

Okay,

好吧，

here's an analogy. 表達脈絡

打個比方。

Imagine if a powerful international company, 文法

想像一下，如果有一家強大的國際公司，

say Grey Industries,

比如說叫格雷工業（Grey Industries），

had a CEO who convinced the United States to give one of its islands to the company,

它的執行長說服了美國將其中一個島嶼送給公司，

which then made the island into a new country,

然後公司把這個島變成了一個新國家，

Greytropolis,

格雷特羅波利斯（Greytropolis），

with an absolute monarchy as its government,

其政府是絕對君主制，

and the law that the king of Greytropolis is by definition the CEO of Grey Grey 片語搭配

並且法律規定格雷特羅波利斯的國王從定義上講就是格雷格雷（Grey Grey）的執行長。

It's pretty obvious at this point that the CEO should move his corporate headquarters to the new nation so that the laws of the country can benefit the company and the company's global reach can benefit the country.

此時很明顯，這位執行長應該將公司總部搬到這個新國家，這樣該國的法律就能讓公司受益，而公司的全球影響力也能讓該國受益。

As for the man in the middle, 講解

至於夾在中間的這個人，

sometimes it's good to be the CEO,

有時做執行長感覺不錯，

and sometimes it's good to be the king.

有時做國王感覺很好。

That is essentially Vatican City.

這基本上就是梵蒂岡城。

But if you're still confused,

但如果你仍然感到困惑，

don't worry,

別擔心，

even other countries can't keep it straight. 慣用語

即使是其他國家也搞不清楚。

For example,

例如，

the United Nations has the Holy See,

聯合國的成員是聖座，

the corporation,

即那個公司，

as a member,

作為成員，

but not Vatican City,

而不是梵蒂岡城，

the actual country.

即那個實際的國家。

And the Holy See gives passports to Vatican City citizens that other countries accept,

而且聖座向梵蒂岡城公民發放被其他國家所認可的護照，

even though those passports come from a company,

儘管這些護照來自於一家公司，

not a country.

而不是一個國家。

And speaking of Vatican City citizens, 表達脈絡

說到梵蒂岡城公民，

they are perhaps the strangest consequence of the pope's dual role as religious leader and monarch.

他們也許是教宗作為宗教領袖和君主雙重角色中最奇怪的產物。

While other countries mint new citizens with the ever-popular process of human reproduction, 慣用語

當其他國家透過廣受歡迎的人類繁衍過程來培養新公民時，

Vatican City does not.

梵蒂岡城卻並非如此。

No one in Vatican City is born a citizen,

沒有人在梵蒂岡城一出生就是公民，

and that's not just because within a rounding error, 慣用語

這不僅僅是因為在統計誤差範圍內，

there are no female Vaticans.

沒有女性的梵蒂岡人。

The only way to become a citizen is for the king of Vatican City to appoint you as one. 文法

成為公民的唯一途徑是梵蒂岡城國王任命你為公民。

And the king only appoints you a citizen if you work for the pope,

而國王只有在你為教宗工作時才會任命你為公民，

who is also the king.

同時教宗也是國王。

And because the king is all

而且因為國王是絕對

powerful, your citizenship is at his whim. 慣用語

權威的，你的公民身份全憑他的意願。

If you quit your job for the pope,

如果你辭去了為教宗工作的工作，

the king,

國王，

who is also the pope,

也就是教宗，

will revoke your citizenship. 片語搭配

將撤銷你的公民身份。

These rules mean that Vatican City doesn't have a real permanent population to speak of. 慣用語

這些規則意味著梵蒂岡城沒有真正意義上的常住人口。

There are about 500 full citizens,

大約有500名正式公民，

which is fewer people than live in single skyscrapers in many countries.

這比許多國家單棟摩天大樓裡住的人還要少。

And all these citizens work for the Holy See as either cardinals or diplomats or the pope's bodyguards or other Catholic-related jobs.

所有這些公民都為聖座工作，比如樞機主教、外交官、教宗保鏢或其他與天主教相關的工作。

So it's best to think of Vatican City as a kind of sovereign corporate headquarters that grants temporary citizenship to its managers rather than as a real city-state like Singapore, 講解

所以最好把梵蒂岡城看作是一種擁有主權的公司總部，向其管理人員發放臨時公民身份，而不是像新加坡那樣真正的城邦，

which has a self-reproducing population of citizens engaged in a variety of economic activities,

因為後者擁有自我繁衍的公民人口，且從事各種經濟活動，

both of which Vatican City lacks.

而這兩點梵蒂岡城都不具備。

But in the end, 表達脈絡

但說到底，

the reason the world cares about Vatican City is not because of the citizens within its walls, 文法

世界之所以關心梵蒂岡城，並不是因為其城牆內的公民，

but because of the billion members of its church outside of those walls.

而是因為在這些城牆之外有其十億計的教會信徒。