比例代表制：為什麼它行之有效：英語精讀講義

Queen Lion of the animal kingdom is looking to improve her democracy.

動物王國的獅子女王正設法改善她的民主制度。

She recently allowed citizens to elect representatives to the jungle council, 片語搭配

她最近允許公民選舉代表加入叢林議會，

which governs the kingdom.

以此來統治王國。

However,

然而，

she recognizes that her citizens are not happy with the voting system.

她意識到公民們對投票制度並不滿意。

Let's watch an election on one of the small islands of her kingdom to see why.

讓我們來看看她王國中一個小島上的選舉，了解一下原因。

On this island,

在這個島上，

there are three political parties.

有三個政黨。

The two big ones, Kea and Tuatara,

兩個大黨是 Kea 和 Tuatara，

and a small third party, Kakapo.

第三個是小黨 Kakapo。

On election day,

在選舉日，

the citizens each cast one vote for a local candidate they want to represent the range they live in. 片語搭配

每個公民都投出一票，選出他們希望代表自己所在選區的當地候選人。

The results are as follows, 片語搭配

結果如下，

with the average across the island that Tuatara gets 49%,

全島的平均支持率為 Tuatara 獲得49%，

Kea gets 48%,

Kea 獲得48%，

and Kakapo gets 3%.

Kakapo 獲得3%。

The election is run using first past the post, 文化背景

這次選舉採用簡單多數決制，

meaning that the candidate with the most votes wins. 表達脈絡

意味著獲得最多票數的候選人獲勝。

Because Tuatara got the most votes in each range,

因為 Tuatara 在每個選區都獲得了最多票數，

they get to control 100% of the seats on the council. 文法

他們得以控制議會100%的席位。

And this is why so many citizens are unhappy.

這就是為什麼這麼多公民感到不滿。

The majority of them,

他們中的大多數，

the 51% who voted for other parties,

即投票給其他政黨的51%的人，

get no representation on the council at all. 片語搭配

在議會中根本沒有獲得任何代表權。

This seems unfair to Queen Lion,

獅子女王覺得這很不公平，

but she's not sure how to fix it.

但她不知道該如何解決。

The citizens like having local representatives and don't want to change the range boundaries.

公民們喜歡擁有當地的代表，且不想改變選區邊界。

But luckily Kiwi,

但幸運的是，Kiwi，

one of the citizens of this island,

這個島上的公民之一，

has a suggestion for Queen Lion on how she can make the system better

向獅子女王提出了一個建議，關於她可以如何改善這套制度，

while keeping local representation and leaving the ranges as they are. 文法

同時保留當地代表，並讓選區保持原樣。

The idea is called mixed member proportional, 文化背景

這個想法被稱為單一選區兩票制，

or MMP,

或稱 MMP，

and it makes two changes.

它做出了兩項改變。

The number of seats on the council is doubled

議會的席位數量翻倍，

and each citizen now gets two votes,

並且每個公民現在擁有兩張選票，

not one.

而不是一張。

Here's how it works. 表達脈絡

它的運作方式如下。

At first,

首先，

election day for Kiwi is just the same as before.

Kiwi 的選舉日和以前一樣。

He gets a list of candidates running to represent his local range on the council. 用詞

他會拿到一份競選成為該選區議會代表的候選人名單。

Kiwi picks one and the winner will be the candidate with the most votes.

Kiwi 挑選其中一個，得票最多的候選人將成為贏家。

So far,

到目前為止，

the system is no better.

這套制度並沒有變得更好。

Tuatara again wins all the local elections

Tuatara 再次贏得了所有地方選舉，

and still more than half of the citizens don't have any representation.

並且依然有超過一半的公民沒有任何代表。

But here's how Kiwi's second vote and those extra seats on the council fix this.

但接下來，Kiwi 的第二張選票和議會中的那些額外席位將解決這個問題。

Kiwi uses his second vote to pick his favorite political party.

Kiwi 用他的第二張選票投給他最喜歡的政黨。

These second votes are tallied up 片語動詞

這些第二張選票會被統計出來，

and show the percentage of support that each of the political parties has among the citizens as a whole 片語搭配

並顯示每個政黨在全體公民中所佔的支持率，

and reveals how imbalanced the council is so far.

同時也揭示了目前議會的席位有多不平衡。

To fix this imbalance,

為了糾正這種不平衡，

members of the political parties are added one at a time 片語搭配

政黨成員會被逐一添加進來，

to make the council more proportional. 文法

使議會的比例更加均衡。

Tuatara is the most overrepresented and Kea the most underrepresented,

Tuatara 獲得的席位最超額，而 Kea 獲得的席位最不足，

so Kea gets the first empty seat.

因此 Kea 獲得第一個空缺席位。

This continues adding one Kea at a time

這個過程持續進行，每次增加一個 Kea 黨人，

until both Tuatara and Kea are overrepresented

直到 Tuatara 和 Kea 都有超額代表，

and Kakapo is underrepresented,

並且 Kakapo 代表不足，

so they get the final seat.

因此他們獲得了最後一個席位。

Now the jungle council represents as close as possible the actual preferences of the citizens, 文法

現在，叢林議會盡可能真實地反映了公民的實際偏好，

which is a huge improvement over the old first past the post method. 片語搭配

與舊的簡單多數決法相比，這是一個巨大的進步。

There is, 表達脈絡

還有，

however,

然而，

one interesting question that should arise at this point.

此時應該會產生一個有趣的問題。

Exactly who decides which members of the party get those extra seats?

到底是誰決定黨的哪些成員獲得那些額外席位？

The way it works is that before the election, 文法

其運作方式是，在選舉之前，

the political parties make a list of their favorite candidates

各政黨會制定一份他們屬意候選人的名單，

in the order they want them to get on the council.

按他們希望進入議會的優先順序排列。

So if there's only one extra seat for their party,

因此，如果他們的政黨只有一個額外席位，

the name at the top of their list is chosen.

名單最上面的名字就會被選中。

If they get two extra seats,

如果他們有兩個額外席位，

the first two are chosen and so on. 片語搭配

就會選出前兩個人，依此類推。

This makes MMP a bit different from other voting methods 文法

這使得 MMP 與其他投票方法略有不同，

in that it makes political parties an official part of the way the election works.

因為它使政黨成為選舉運作方式的正式組成部分。

This may give the party leaders greater control over their members 片語搭配

這可能會讓政黨領導人對其成員擁有更大的控制權，

because they can reward or punish their actions

因為他們可以藉以獎勵或懲罰他們的行為，

by changing their placement on the party list. 文法

方法是改變他們在政黨名單上的位置。

While this may be a disadvantage of MMP, 表達脈絡

雖然這可能是 MMP 的一個缺點，

there are a number of other benefits that Queen Lion in particular likes.

但還有許多其他好處特別討獅子女王喜歡。

Because fewer votes are wasted,

因為浪費的選票減少了，

it mostly eliminates gerrymandering and prevents minority rule. 文化背景

它基本上消除了不公正的選區劃分，並防止了少數人統治。

It also gives more choice to the citizens by encouraging political diversity.

它還通過鼓勵政治多樣性，給公民提供了更多選擇。

This point is worth expanding on. 片語搭配

這一點值得進一步展開。

Notice how with MMP, 表達脈絡

請注意在 MMP 下，

the percentage of votes for the local representatives

地方代表的得票率

isn't the same as for the parties.

與政黨的得票率並不相同。

This is because in the local elections,

這是因為在地方選舉中，

citizens have to vote strategically. 用詞

公民必須進行策略性投票。

For example,

例如，

Kakapo voters don't like Tuatara at all,

Kakapo 的選民根本不喜歡 Tuatara，

but they can tolerate Kea.

但他們可以容忍 Kea。

Since there are so few Kakapo voters,

由於 Kakapo 的選民太少，

they know that their candidate doesn't have a chance of winning the local election, 片語搭配

他們知道他們的候選人沒有機會贏得地方選舉，

so it's really a race between the two big parties. 慣用語

所以這實際上是兩個大黨之間的競爭。

Thus,

因此，

many of the Kakapo will vote Kea in the hope that he might win 文法

許多 Kakapo 會投票給 Kea，希望他能贏

and be their representative.

並成為他們的代表。

However,

然而，

when it comes to voting for their favorite political party, 片語搭配

在投票給他們最喜歡的政黨時，

this strategy doesn't matter.

這種策略就無關緊要了。

The more votes a party gets, 文法

一個政黨獲得的選票越多，

the more representatives it has on the council.

它在議會中擁有的代表就越多。

So citizens are free to vote for smaller parties they like, 文法

因此，公民可以自由地投票給他們喜歡的小黨，

knowing that every vote counts. 慣用語

因為他們知道每一票都很重要。

Queen Lion reviews her options

獅子女王審視了她的選擇，

and decides to switch her kingdom to MMP.

決定將她的王國轉變為 MMP 制度。

Now,

現在，

for the first time,

有史以來第一次，

the jungle council is a true reflection of what her citizens want. 慣用語

叢林議會真正反映了她的公民們的訴求。