全世界都依賴這一家公司製造的機器：英語精讀講義

The US government is really worried about China's ambitions when it comes to making microchips. 片語搭配

美國政府對中國在製造微晶片方面的野心感到非常擔憂。

But so far, 片語搭配

但到目前為止，

China has not gotten its hands on a very important machine sold by just one company. 慣用語

中國還沒有獲得一台由僅一家公司出售的非常重要的機器。

In a previous video,

在之前的影片中，

I talked about how Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company makes over 90% of the smallest and most sophisticated chips in the world.

我談到了台灣積體電路製造公司是如何製造了世界上90%以上最小、最複雜的晶片的。

Their semiconductor chips power everything from fridges to F-35 fighter jets. 片語搭配

他們的半導體晶片為從冰箱到F-35戰鬥機的一切提供動力。

In other words, 表達脈絡

換句話說，

they make civilization function.

它們維持著文明的運作。

Well,

嗯，

a lot of people who watched my video pointed out TSMC cannot make their chips without one piece of equipment. 講解

很多看了我影片的人指出，如果沒有一件設備，台積電就無法製造晶片。

And it's true.

這是事實。

TSMC cannot make its chips without a 150 million dollar machine from a Dutch company called ASML.

如果沒有荷蘭ASML公司一台價值1.5億美元的機器，台積電就無法製造晶片。

ASML's high-end equipment prints the tiny features that form the basis of TSMC's microchips. 片語搭配

ASML的高階設備能印製出構成台積電微晶片基礎的微小特徵。

Microchips are made by building up billions of tiny transistors. 文法

微晶片是由數十億個微小的電晶體構建而成的。

An ASML machine patterns the finest lines on the microchips using a method called lithography.

ASML的機器使用一種稱為微影的方法在微晶片上繪製最精細的線條。

The projection system shrinks and focuses the pattern onto a silicon wafer.

投影系統將圖案縮小並聚焦到矽晶圓上。

After the pattern is printed,

在列印好圖案後，

it moves the wafer slightly and makes another copy on the wafer.

它會將晶圓稍微移動一下，並在晶圓上再印製一份。

They are built up layer by layer, 片語搭配

它們是一層一層疊加起來的，

like layering a cake,

就像做千層蛋糕一樣，

except much more complicated because this involves up to 100 layers with nanometer precision. 文法

只不過要複雜得多，因為這涉及多達100層具有奈米精度的結構。

The more transistors can be added to a chip, 文法

晶片上可以添加的電晶體越多，

the more powerful the chip becomes.

晶片就越強大。

ASML is the only company in the world that makes the machine needed to print advanced microchips.

ASML是世界上唯一一家製造能印製先進微晶片所需機器的公司。

It manufactures the equipment at its factories in Veldhoven,

它在位於費爾德霍芬的工廠製造這些設備，

Netherlands.

該地位於荷蘭。

The company was founded in 1984 as a joint venture between the electronics giant Philips and the Dutch chip machine manufacturer ASM International. 用詞

這家公司成立於1984年，是電子巨頭飛利浦和荷蘭晶片機器製造商ASM International的合資企業。

ASML is now an independent company.

ASML現在是一家獨立的公司。

It has a monopoly on EUV lithography, 講解

它在EUV微影技術上擁有壟斷地位，

extreme ultraviolet light,

即極紫外光，

an extremely short wavelength of light that can create even tinier circuitry than is possible with conventional lithography, 文法

這是一種波長極短的光，能製造出比傳統微影技術更微小的電路，

which relies on deep UV.

後者依賴於深紫外線。

EUV light doesn't occur naturally on Earth,

EUV光在地球上不會自然產生，

only in outer space.

僅存在於外太空。

So ASML must generate it somehow.

所以ASML必須設法產生它。

To generate the light,

為了產生這種光，

a CO2 laser fires two laser pulses at a drop of tin, 用詞

二氧化碳雷射發射兩道雷射脈衝擊中一滴錫，

vaporizing it. 文法

使其蒸發。

The tin vapor becomes plasma,

錫蒸氣變成電漿，

which emits EUV light.

從而發出EUV光。

This happens at a rate of 50,000 times a second. 片語搭配

這一切以每秒50000次的速率發生。

The machines are assembled in clean rooms containing zero dust.

這些機器在無塵室中組裝。

These rooms are 10,000 times cleaner than outside air. 文法

這些房間比室外空氣乾淨10000倍。

Even the smallest speck of dust that ends up on a wafer can ruin it. 講解

即便落在晶圓上的最小一粒灰塵也能毀了它。

The company's decision to switch to EUV light in the '90s gave it an astounding advantage.

公司在90年代決定轉向EUV光的舉措給它帶來了驚人的優勢。

It cost billions of dollars to make the radical switch in light sources,

進行光源的徹底轉變耗資數十億美元，

but the effort has paid off big time. 片語動詞

但這些努力取得了巨大的回報。

ASML is now valued at around $193 billion.

ASML現在的估值約為1930億美元。

EUV equipment is sold to the largest chipmakers in the world,

EUV設備被出售給全球最大的晶片製造商，

TSMC, Samsung, and Intel.

台積電、三星和英特爾。

Every one of its machines has over a 100,000 parts. 文法

其每台機器都有超過10萬個零組件。

They're shipped in 40 freight containers,

它們被裝在40個貨櫃中運輸，

20 trucks, and three Boeing 747s.

需要20輛卡車和三架波音747。

Like the rest of the world,

像世界其他地方一樣，

China also relies on ASML machines for Chinese companies that are producing semiconductor chips.

中國生產半導體晶片的公司也依賴ASML的機器。

But in 2019,

但在2019年，

the Trump administration successfully lobbied the Dutch government to block shipments of ASML's most sophisticated machines to China. 用詞

川普政府成功遊說荷蘭政府阻止向中國運送ASML最先進的機器。

And the Biden administration has shown no signs of reversing that policy. 片語搭配

拜登政府也沒有表現出扭轉這一政策的跡象。

However, ASML is not restricted from exporting slightly older technology to China. 片語搭配

然而，ASML並不受限制向中國出口稍微舊一點的技術。

ASML's older deep ultraviolet systems are a generation behind the EUV ones, 片語搭配

ASML較舊的深紫外系統比EUV系統落後一代，

but still the most common way to make less advanced chips.

但仍然是製造不太先進晶片的最常見方式。

In 2021,

在2021年，

16% of ASML's sales went to China,

ASML銷售額的16%流向了中國，

around $2.2 billion worth. 片語搭配

價值約22億美元。

The company expects similar figures for 2022.

該公司預計2022年的數字與之相近。

Washington has been trying to hamper China's chip-making progress in many ways.

華盛頓一直試圖在許多方面阻礙中國的晶片製造進程。

When President Biden signed the CHIPS Act in August, 文化背景

當拜登總統在8月簽署《晶片法案》時，

it included a caveat that if TSMC or other chip companies want billions in US subsidies for building new plants in America, 用詞

其中包含一項但書：如果台積電或其他晶片公司想在美國建新廠並獲得數十億美元的美國補貼，

they have to agree not to sell their most advanced chips to China. 文法

他們必須同意不向中國出售其最先進的晶片。

Washington has also been pushing ASML,

華盛頓也一直在向ASML施壓，

even to stop shipping its less sophisticated chip-making machines to China.

甚至要求其停止向中國運送不太先進的晶片製造機器。

This could deal a serious blow to Chinese company SMIC, 慣用語

這可能對中國公司中芯國際（SMIC）造成嚴重打擊，

which has reportedly been making 7 nanometer semiconductor chips 用詞

據報導，該公司一直在製造7奈米半導體晶片

that are only a generation behind the 5 nanometer ones manufactured by TSMC and Samsung.

這僅落後於台積電和三星製造的5奈米晶片一代。

If Washington gets its way, 慣用語

如果華盛頓如願以償，

even ASML's older lithography equipment could be banned from China.

即使是ASML較舊的微影設備也可能對華禁售。

China could start producing its own lithography systems if it wants to become self-reliant.

如果中國想實現自力更生，可以開始生產自己的微影系統。

However, analysts believe it would take China at least a decade to build its own equipment that could rival ASML's. 文法

然而，分析人士認為，中國至少需要十年時間才能製造出可以與ASML抗衡的自有設備。

ASML CEO Peter Wennink believes it will be difficult, 表達脈絡

ASML執行長Peter Wennink認為這將很困難，

but not impossible.

但並非不可能。

He says,

他說，

"I am not saying it cannot be done 語氣意圖

"我並不是說這做不到

because I know the laws of physics are the same in China as they are here." 文法

因為我知道中國的物理定律和這裡是一樣的。"

Never say never. 慣用語

永遠不要說絕對不可能。

They will certainly try.

他們肯定會嘗試的。

Sophisticated machines like a lithography system cannot be built without brilliant engineers who have mastered STEM. 文法

像微影系統這樣複雜的機器，沒有掌握STEM的傑出工程師是造不出來的。

If you'd like to brush up on your math, 講解

如果你想複習你的數學，

science, and computer science skills,

科學和電腦科學技能，

Brilliant is a great way to learn interactively.

Brilliant是一個透過互動進行學習的好方法。

I use Brilliant myself to help improve my critical thinking skills

我自己也在使用Brilliant，來幫助提高我的批判性思考能力，

by going through their logic courses. 片語動詞

方法是學習他們的邏輯課程。

I've noticed my viewers especially love the computer science fundamentals course,

我注意到我的觀眾特別喜歡電腦科學基礎課程，

where you can learn to program drones in an Amazon warehouse.

在那裡你可以學習在亞馬遜倉庫中為無人機寫程式。

There's something for everyone.

總有一款適合你。

You can solve puzzles with science through their scientific thinking course,

你可以透過他們的科學思考課程用科學解決難題，

or practice everyday math by seeing numbers in a new light. 慣用語

或者透過用新的視角看待數字來練習日常數學。

There are no tests on Brilliant,

Brilliant上沒有考試，

and it's for people of all experience levels,

它適合所有經驗水平的人，

whether you're a student or already working. 文法

無論你是學生還是已經工作。

If you get stuck, 片語搭配

如果你卡住了，

you can view the explanation to see where you went wrong. 片語搭配

你可以查看解釋以了解你哪裡做錯了。

Brilliant is free for you to try out 片語動詞

Brilliant可以免費試用，

if you head to the custom link in my description,

如果你點擊我描述中的專屬連結，

brilliant.org/newsthink.

brilliant.org/newsthink。

And the first 200 people who sign up with my link 片語動詞

透過我的連結註冊的前200人

will get 20% off Brilliant's annual premium subscription, 片語搭配

將獲得Brilliant年度高級訂閱20%的折扣，

which gives you access to all of the offerings, 片語搭配

這讓你可以訪問所有的內容，

including the most advanced courses.

包括最進階的課程。

Thanks for watching.

感謝觀看。

For NewsThink,

這裡是NewsThink，

I'm Cindy Pom.

我是Cindy Pom。