安全與遺憾 —— 恐怖主義與大規模監控：英語精讀講義

Terrorism is very scary,

恐怖主義非常可怕，

especially when it happens close to home 慣用語

尤其是當它發生在我們身邊

and not in some far away place.

而不是在某個遙遠的地方時。

Nobody likes to be afraid

沒有人喜歡恐懼，

and we were eager to make the fear go away. 文法

我們渴望消除這種恐懼。

So we demanded more security.

所以我們要求得到更多的安全保障。

In the last decade, it's become increasingly normal for civil liberties to be eroded 講解

在過去十年裡，公民自由被侵蝕，

and for government agencies to spy on citizens, 片語動詞

政府機構監視公民，

to collect and store their personal information.

收集和儲存他們的個人資訊，變得越來越司空見慣。

Regardless of whether you're a fan of right or left-wing policies, 文法

無論你是右翼還是左翼政策的支持者，

This affects every one of us.

這都影響著我們每一個人。

So we have to take a look at the data 片語搭配

所以我們必須看看數據，

and ask ourselves honestly, 表達脈絡

然後誠實地問自己，

has all of this actually made us safer?

所有這一切真的讓我們更安全了嗎？

In the aftermath of 9/11, 片語搭配

在9/11事件之後，

the U.S. government concluded that the law had not kept pace with technology. 片語搭配

美國政府認為法律已經跟不上技術的步伐。

It created the Terrorist Surveillance Program, 文化背景

它設立了恐怖分子監視計畫，

initially to intercept communications linked to Al Qaeda.

最初是為了攔截與蓋達組織有關的通訊。

Officials were confident that if the program had been in place before 9/11, 文法

官員們自信地認為，如果該計畫在9/11之前就已實施，

the hijackers could have been stopped.

劫機者本來是可以被阻止的。

But soon the new powers were also used to prove guilt by association. 慣用語

但很快，這些新權力也被用來進行連坐定罪。

The FBI used immigration records to identify Arab and Muslim foreign nationals in the U.S.

聯邦調查局（FBI）利用移民記錄識別在美的阿拉伯和穆斯林外籍人士。

On this basis, 80,000 individuals were required to register,

在此基礎上，8萬人被要求登記，

another 8,000 were called in for FBI interviews, 片語動詞

另外8千人被叫去接受FBI面談，

and more than 5,000 locked up in preventive detention. 講解

還有超過5千人被預防性拘留。

Not one terrorist was found 文法

結果一個恐怖分子也沒找到，

in what's been called the most aggressive national campaign of ethnic profiling 用詞

這被稱為最激進的針對特定種族的全國性行動，

since World War II.

自二戰以來還是頭一次。

How commonplace it's since become for government agencies to collect and store the personal data of citizens

政府機構收集和儲存公民個人數據的做法後來變得多麼普遍，

was made plain by the leak of the Snowden documents in 2013. 講解

在2013年史諾登文件洩露後變得顯而易見。

They showed how the NSA can demand information about users

這些文件顯示了美國國家安全局（NSA）如何要求

from firms like Microsoft or Google in addition to their daily collection of data from civilian internet traffic,

微軟或Google等公司提供用戶資訊，此外他們還每天從民用網際網路流量中收集數據，

such as email content and contact lists.

比如電子郵件內容和聯絡人列表。

So instead of focusing on criminals,

所以，政府不是將重點放在罪犯身上，

governments are increasingly turning their attention to everyone. 片語搭配

而是越來越多地將注意力轉向每個人。

But if you're looking for a needle in a haystack, 慣用語

但是，如果你想在草堆裡找一根針，

adding more hay to the stack isn't going to make it any easier to find the needle.

往草堆裡加更多的草並不會讓這根針更容易找到。

On the contrary, every recent success announced by the NSA 表達脈絡

相反，NSA最近宣布的每一次成功，

has come from classic target surveillance.

都來自於經典的目標監控。

Despite high hopes, the NSA surveillance program has not stopped any major terror attack. 文法

儘管寄予厚望，NSA的監控計畫並沒有阻止任何重大的恐怖攻擊。

For instance, one of the Boston Marathon bombers

例如，波士頓馬拉松爆炸案的其中一名炸彈客，

was already a target of the FBI.

早就已經是FBI的目標。

So what we need is not even more random data, 文法

所以我們需要的不是更多隨機的數據，

but better ways to understand and use the information we have.

而是更好的方法來理解和使用我們已有的資訊。

Spy agencies are also pushing to cripple encryption. 用詞

間諜機構也在推動破壞加密技術。

In early 2016, the FBI asked Apple to produce a back-door program 用詞

2016年初，FBI要求蘋果公司製作一個後門程式，

to disable the encryption of a terrorist's iPhone.

以破解一名恐怖分子iPhone的加密。

Apple publicly declined,

蘋果公開拒絕了，

not only because this tool could be used to permanently weaken the privacy of law-abiding citizens worldwide,

不僅因為這個工具可能會被用來永久性削弱全球守法公民的隱私，

but fearing to open the floodgates for governments requesting access to a technology used by billions of people. 慣用語

而且因為他們害怕這會打開潘朵拉的盒子，讓政府能夠存取數十億人使用的技術。

A fear shared by security experts and cryptographers. 表達脈絡

這種擔憂也得到了安全專家和密碼學家的認同。

A few weeks later, the FBI revealed that they had hacked the phone themselves,

幾週後，FBI透露他們自己駭進了那部手機，

basically admitting that they lied to the public about the need for a back-door,

這基本上承認了他們在需要後門的問題上對公眾撒了謊，

which questions how trustworthy spy agencies are in the debate about privacy and security.

這讓人質疑間諜機構在關於隱私和安全的辯論中有多值得信任。

Especially considering that the NSA, for example, 表達脈絡

尤其是考慮到NSA，例如，

already has the capability to turn on your iPhone microphone

已經有能力在你不知情的情況下打開你iPhone的麥克風，

or activate your laptop camera without you noticing. 文法

或者啟動你筆記型電腦的網路攝影機。

Concerns about this are often met with the argument, 片語搭配

對此的擔憂往往會遇到這樣的反駁：

if you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to fear. 表達脈絡

如果你沒什麼可隱瞞的，你就不需要害怕。

But this reasoning only creates a climate of oppression. 慣用語

但這種推理只會製造一種壓迫的氛圍。

wanting to keep certain parts of your life private 文法

想要保留你生活中某些部分的隱私，

doesn't mean you're doing anything wrong.

並不意味著你在做任何錯事。

Right now, we live in a democracy.

現在，我們生活在一個民主社會。

But imagine the damage the wrong person could do with all our data

但想像一下，如果別有用心的人擁有我們所有的數據，

and such easy access to our devices.

並且能輕易存取我們的設備，會造成多麼大的破壞。

Anti-terrorism laws allow the authorities to investigate and punish non-terrorism related crimes more aggressively.

反恐法允許當局更積極地調查和懲罰與恐怖主義無關的犯罪。

If you give law enforcement powerful tools, they will use them. 文法

如果你給執法部門強大的工具，他們就會使用。

That's why democratic oversight is so important.

這就是為什麼民主監督如此重要。

Even if those tools and laws aren't used against you today, 文法

即使今天這些工具和法律沒有被用來針對你，

they might be tomorrow.

明天它們可能就會。

For example, following the November 2015 Paris attacks,

例如，在2015年11月巴黎恐怖攻擊之後，

France expanded its already extensive anti-terrorism laws

法國擴大了本來就已廣泛的反恐法，

by giving law enforcement greater powers to conduct house raids 片語搭配

賦予執法部門更大的權力來進行挨家挨戶的搜查，

and place people under house arrest. 片語搭配

並將人們軟禁在家。

Within weeks, evidence emerged that these powers were being used for unintended purposes, 片語搭配

幾週內就有證據表明，這些權力被用於非預期目的，

such as quashing climate change protests. 用詞

比如鎮壓氣候變遷抗議活動。

The governments of Spain, Hungary, and Poland have introduced more restrictive laws on the freedom of assembly and speech. 用詞

西班牙、匈牙利和波蘭的政府推出了關於集會和言論自由更嚴格的法律。

Freedom of expression and the press in Turkey has been seriously undermined in the last few years,

過去幾年裡，土耳其的言論和新聞自由遭到嚴重破壞，

with people sentenced to prison for criticizing the government. 文法

人們因為批評政府而被判入獄。

None of this is effectively helping us fight terrorism.

這些都不能有效地幫助我們打擊恐怖主義。

The motivation behind this might be good, even noble,

其背後的動機可能是好的，甚至是高尚的，

but if we let our elected governments limit our personal freedom, 文法

但如果我們讓我們選舉出來的政府限制我們的個人自由，

the terrorists are winning.

那麼恐怖分子就贏了。

What's worse, if we're not careful, 表達脈絡

更糟糕的是，如果我們不小心，

we might slowly move towards a surveillance state. 用詞

我們可能會慢慢走向一個監控國家。

The data is pretty clear.

數據非常清楚。

The erosion of rights along with mass surveillance 文法

權利的侵蝕加上大規模監控，

hasn't led to significant successes so far,

至今並未取得重大成功，

but it has changed the nature of our society.

但它改變了我們社會的本質。

Terrorism is a complicated problem

恐怖主義是一個複雜的問題，

without simple solutions.

沒有簡單的解決辦法。

No security apparatus can prevent a few guys from building a bomb in their basement. 文法

任何安全機構都無法阻止幾個人在地下室裡製造炸彈。

We should keep the principle of proportionality in mind. 用詞

我們應該記住比例原則。

Creating master keys to enter millions of phones

製造萬能鑰匙來進入數百萬部手機，

is not the same as searching a single house. 文法

與搜查一所房子是不同的。

In most countries, the law already permits a wide range of actions, including targeted surveillance.

在大多數國家，法律已經允許廣泛的行動，包括有針對性的監控。

To take full advantage of this existing potential, 片語搭配

為了充分利用這一現有潛力，

we need better international cooperation

我們需要更好的國際合作，

and more effective security and foreign policies.

以及更有效的安全和外交政策。

Better application of our present laws,

更好地應用我們現有的法律，

instead of new and stricter ones that undermine our freedom.

而不是制定破壞我們自由的更嚴格的新法律。

Let us not, out of fear, 語氣意圖

讓我們不要因為恐懼，

destroy what we are most proud of,

摧毀我們最引以為傲的東西：

democracy and our fundamental rights and liberties. 用詞

民主以及我們的基本權利和自由。

This video was made possible

本影片的製作得以實現，

by your support on patreon.com

感謝您在 patreon.com

and the European Liberties Platform,

以及歐洲自由平台（European Liberties Platform），

liberties.eu.

liberties.eu 的支持。