這段影片在哪裡？：英語精讀講義

Hey,

嗨，

Vsauce.

Vsauce。

Michael here.

我是 Michael。

Steve Seitz and Chuck Dyer

Steve Seitz 和 Chuck Dyer

used view morphing to digitally reveal a side of the Mona Lisa we've never seen before. 用詞

運用視圖變形技術，以數位方式揭露了《蒙娜麗莎》從未被我們看過的一面。

What it would look like if she stared directly at us. 文法

也就是她直視我們時會是什麼模樣。

That's her,

這就是她，

but it seems a bit unfamiliar.

但看起來有點陌生。

I mean, there is only one iconic view of the Mona Lisa.

我是說，《蒙娜麗莎》只有一個深植人心的經典視角。

There's only one physical object you can look at

只有一件真實存在的實物可以讓你觀看，

to say that you saw the Mona Lisa with your own eyes. 片語搭配

讓你能說自己親眼見過《蒙娜麗莎》。

Photographs exist.

照片是有的。

There are copies you can also look at.

你也可以看各種複製品。

There are forgeries.

還有贗品。

There are parodies,

也有戲仿作品，

but the true original Mona Lisa is in the Louvre.

但真正的《蒙娜麗莎》原作就在羅浮宮。

That's where it is.

它就在那裡。

But where is this video?

可是，這支影片在哪裡？

Seriously,

說真的，

where is this video?

這支影片究竟在哪裡？

I mean, it's on your screen right now,

我是說，它現在就在你的螢幕上，

but it's also on a lot of other screens.

但它也同時出現在許多其他螢幕上。

Where's the original?

那原版在哪裡？

Well, it's stored on YouTube servers,

嗯，它儲存在 YouTube 的伺服器上，

and the original export is on my hard drive,

最初匯出的檔案也在我的硬碟裡，

but those are just instructions for making the video.

但那些都只是製作這支影片的指令。

This video is anywhere.

這支影片無所不在。

Every stream, every viewing of this video is, as Bill Thompson would say,

正如 Bill Thompson 所說，這支影片的每一次串流、每一次觀看，

a digital simulacrum of something that has no original. 用詞

都是某種根本沒有原作之物的數位擬像。

So,

所以，

how does a museum curator or an archaeologist deal with this?

博物館策展人或考古學家要怎麼處理這種東西呢？

Well,

嗯，

they are rethinking curating.

他們正在重新思考「策展」這件事。

I mean,

我是說，

take a look at this sculpture. 片語搭配

看看這件雕塑。

The distance from this sentence to your eye is my sculpture.

從這句話到你眼睛之間的距離，就是我的雕塑。

That's pretty cool,

這很酷，

but how do you put something like that in a museum?

但要怎麼把這種東西放進博物館呢？

This sculpture and this video can be endlessly copied,

這件雕塑和這支影片都可以被無限複製，

and every version is made out of different stuff at different times. 片語動詞

而且每個版本都在不同時間由不同的東西構成。

A bit like your body.

這有點像你的身體。

Yeah, there's an identity crisis going on. 用詞

沒錯，一場身分危機正在上演。

As I've discussed before, 表達脈絡

就像我之前談過的，

every few years nearly all of your atoms are replaced.

每隔幾年，你身上幾乎所有原子都會被替換。

Old ones leave,

舊的離開，

new ones come in.

新的進來。

Where is the original you?

原本的你在哪裡？

Like this video,

和這支影片一樣，

you are really just the result of a set of instructions being followed. 片語搭配

你其實只是一套指令被執行後產生的結果。

And in our case,

而對我們來說，

interestingly,

有意思的是，

those instructions are kind of forgeries. 語氣意圖

這些指令本身也算是仿本。

The $12 million stuffed shark is a great book about the art world.

《價值1,200萬美元的鯊魚標本》是一本介紹藝術圈的好書。

It mentions that at one point in history,

書中提到，在歷史上的某個時期，

there were 600 Rembrandts hanging in museums

博物館裡掛著600幅「林布蘭」，

and 350 Rembrandts in private collections.

私人收藏中還有350幅「林布蘭」。

The only problem is, 表達脈絡

唯一的問題是，

Rembrandt scholars say that Rembrandt only ever made 320 paintings.

研究林布蘭的學者說，他一生總共只畫了320幅畫。

Mistaken identity,

身分誤認、

forgeries,

贗品

and phonies have been around for a long time. 片語搭配

和冒牌貨已經存在很久了。

In 1496,

1496年，

a young Michelangelo,

年輕的米開朗基羅，

the same Michelangelo that painted this,

也就是畫了這幅作品的那位米開朗基羅，

forged a statue.

偽造了一尊雕像。

He treated the statue with acid to make it look not like his own work, 文法

他用酸處理雕像，讓它看起來不像自己的作品，

but like the work of ancient Greeks or Romans,

而像古希臘人或古羅馬人的作品，

so he could sell it for more money. 文法

這樣就能賣出更高的價錢。

Uh But really,

呃，不過說真的，

what's wrong with a forgery? 片語搭配

贗品到底有什麼不好？

I mean,

我是說，

sure,

當然，

supporting forgeries is like supporting plagiarism,

支持贗品就像支持抄襲，

but as far as intrinsic aesthetic properties go, 片語搭配

但如果只看作品本身的美學特質，

what's the difference?

又有什麼差別呢？

Whether painted by da Vinci or a dog 文法

無論它出自達文西還是一隻狗之手，

or copied perfectly by a robot,

又或者由機器人完美複製，

wouldn't the Mona Lisa smile just as mysteriously and coolly?

《蒙娜麗莎》的微笑不都一樣神祕又酷嗎？

Well,

嗯，

here's the thing. 表達脈絡

關鍵就在這裡。

We feel like the original,

我們總覺得那幅原作，

the Mona Lisa da Vinci originally made,

也就是達文西最初創作的《蒙娜麗莎》，

has an aura about it. 慣用語

帶著一種獨特的靈光。

As Richard Wiseman discussed in Quirkology,

Richard Wiseman 在《怪誕心理學》中談過這個問題，

a great book,

那是一本很棒的書。

psychologist Paul Rozin once studied just how obsessed we are with relics, 文法

心理學家 Paul Rozin 曾研究過，我們究竟有多迷戀遺物，

things important merely because of their auras.

也就是那些僅僅因為帶有某種「靈光」才顯得重要的東西。

He found that people were more willing to wear a sweater that had been dropped in dog poop 文法

他發現，人們寧願穿一件掉進過狗屎裡的毛衣，

than they were to wear a sweater they'd been told was once owned by a mass murderer.

也不願穿一件據說曾屬於大規模殺人犯的毛衣。

We are influenced by auras.

我們會受到這種靈光的影響。

Right now,

此時此刻，

I am in Mougins,

我正在 Mougins，

a city in southeastern France where Picasso died.

這是法國東南部的一座城市，也是畢卡索去世的地方。

On one occasion, 表達脈絡

有一次，

Picasso refused to sign a painting he knew he had painted saying,

畢卡索拒絕在一幅明知是自己畫的畫上簽名，還說：

"I can paint a fake Picasso just like anybody else." 用詞

「我也能像任何人一樣，畫出一幅假畢卡索。」

You can disown your own paintings,

你可以不認自己的畫，

and you can disown your children,

也可以不認自己的孩子，

but you can claim to have created your own paintings, 文法

但你能聲稱自己的畫是由你創作的，

but can you really claim to have created your own children?

可是你真的能聲稱自己的孩子也是由你創造的嗎？

Let's explore a metaphor. 表達脈絡

我們用一個比喻來想想。

Your mother is a 3D printer that printed you. 慣用語

你的母親就像一台把你印出來的3D印表機。

But hold on, 語氣意圖

不過，先等等，

your parents conceived you and curated you, 慣用語

你的父母孕育了你，也塑造了你，

cared for you,

還照顧你，

but the actual blueprints that made you were outside of their conscious control. 片語搭配

但真正造就你的藍圖並不受他們的意識控制。

Your blueprint is a forgery.

你的藍圖是一份仿本。

It has been copied,

它一直被複製，

replicated over and over again ever since the very first group of molecules 片語搭配

從最早的那一組分子起，就一遍又一遍地複製；這些分子

were arranged in a way that automatically replicated billions and billions of years ago.

在數十億年前排列成了一種能夠自動複製的結構。

It's not a perfect forgery.

它並不是一份完美的仿本。

Changes occur every time,

每次都會發生變化，

making successive copies a little bit different, 文法

讓一代代複製品略有不同，

but 99.9% of your DNA isn't different from anyone else's. 文法

但你有99.9%的DNA都和其他任何人沒有差別。

Now,

現在，

you might say, 語氣意圖

你可能會說：

"But wait, Michael,

「等等，Michael，

we all look so different."

我們每個人明明長得很不一樣啊。」

Kind of, 語氣意圖

算是吧，

but that's also because your brain is

但這也因為你的大腦

particularly good at recognizing differences amongst things that you are familiar with.

特別擅長辨認你熟悉的事物之間有什麼不同。

It's called the cross-race effect, 文化背景

這叫做「跨種族效應」，

and it's the reason new twins you've never met before

所以，一對你從沒見過的雙胞胎

look totally the same until you get used to them. 文法

在你熟悉他們以前，看起來完全一模一樣。

It's the reason people from a culture you're not used to

也正因如此，來自你不熟悉的文化背景的人

tend to be more difficult to distinguish. 文法

往往更難被你區分開來。

And the reason,

同樣也是為什麼，

say,

比方說，

a big group of black labs you've never met before

一大群你從沒見過的黑色拉布拉多犬

all kind of look like the same black lab.

看起來都像是同一隻黑色拉布拉多犬。

We all have a common descendant,

我們都有一個共同的祖先，

a common person our DNA has been replicated from over and over again,

也就是同一個人，我們的DNA從他那裡被一次又一次地複製下來，

making us, in a funny way,

所以從一個有趣的角度來看，我們

a big bunch of forgeries.

就是一大群仿製品。

Go back 50 forgeries ago, 表達脈絡

往前追溯50代仿製品，

50 generations ago,

也就是50個世代，

and that's enough to connect every single human living on Earth. 文法

就足以把地球上每一個活著的人連結起來。

I've said this before,

我以前說過，

you are at least 50th cousins with everyone else living on the planet today.

你和今天生活在這個星球上的所有人，至少都是第五十代表親。

But we can go back further than that, 片語動詞

但我們還可以追溯得更遠，

as Guy Murchie famously did.

就像 Guy Murchie 那段著名的推演一樣。

You see, 表達脈絡

你看，

animal populations and even molecule populations

動物族群，甚至分子群體，

experience replication, variation, 用詞

都會經歷複製、變異

and selective pressures,

和選擇壓力，

which means you are trillionth cousins 表達脈絡

這表示你是相隔兆代的表親

with all life on Earth,

——和地球上的所有生命之間都是如此；

and technically speaking, 表達脈絡

嚴格來說，

quadrillionth cousins

你還是相隔千兆代的表親

with water and trees and rocks.

——和水、樹木以及岩石之間都是如此。

It's a beautiful notion,

這是個美麗的想法，

but it's anything but new. 慣用語

但它一點也不新鮮。

The word human comes from a word for soil.

「human」這個字源自一個表示「土壤」的字。

And compare the Hebrew word for ground

再把希伯來文中表示「大地」的字

with their name for the first man.

和他們對第一個人的稱呼比較一下。

You are quadrillionth cousins 表達脈絡

你是千兆代表親——

with dirt,

泥土的表親，

with rocks,

岩石的表親，

with trees,

樹木的表親，

with plastic,

塑膠的表親，

with the very clothing you are wearing right now.

甚至是你此刻身上這件衣服的表親。

So,

所以，

whether you're fighting with a stranger in a bar 文法

無論你是在酒吧裡跟陌生人打架，

or stubbing your toe on a rock,

還是腳趾撞上了石頭，

it's all just a family squabble. 慣用語

都只不過是一場家庭內鬨。

And as always,

一如往常，

thanks for watching.

謝謝收看。

Oh, hey,

喔，嗨，

you're still there.

你還在啊。

This is great

太好了，

because I have some really cool news.

因為我有個非常酷的消息。

Vsauce was just nominated for a Webby

Vsauce 剛剛獲得了 Webby 獎提名，

in the News and Information category.

入圍的是「新聞與資訊」類別。

It's a really big honor,

這真是莫大的榮譽，

and I want to thank you guys for making this possible.

我要感謝大家，是你們讓這一切成為可能。

You can be a Vsaucer

現在，你也可以成為一名 Vsaucer，

in a whole new way now

而且是用一種全新的方式：

by voting for Vsauce in the Webbys.

在 Webby 獎評選中投票給 Vsauce。

Just follow the link at the top of this video's description.

只要點選這支影片說明欄最上方的連結。

All the nominees,

所有入圍者，

by the way, 表達脈絡

順帶一提，

are great.

都非常棒。

It's great that the universe has these channels,

這個宇宙裡能有這些頻道，真是太好了，

so check all of them out.

所以每一個都去看看吧。

And as always,

一如往常，

thanks for watching.

謝謝收看。