你為什麼會感到焦慮？：英語精讀講義

Many of us have faced the dark symptoms of anxiety,

我們許多人都曾經歷焦慮帶來的痛苦症狀，

whether writing an exam or applying for a new job. 講解

無論是在參加考試，還是申請新工作時。

But for some,

但對有些人來說，

this feeling is difficult to stop even in seemingly normal situations,

即使在看似正常的情況下，這種感覺也很難停止，

leaving a lasting effect on quality of life. 片語搭配

並會對生活品質造成長久影響。

So,

那麼，

what's going on 片語動詞

這究竟是怎麼回事，

and why are you so anxious?

你為什麼會如此焦慮？

Close to 7 million people are affected by generalized anxiety disorder, 文化背景

將近700萬人受到廣泛性焦慮症影響，

meaning they experience excessive anxiety that occurs more days than not 慣用語

也就是說，他們過度焦慮的日子比不焦慮的日子多，

for at least 6 months.

而且這種情況至少持續6個月。

This can include sleep disturbance,

症狀可能包括睡眠障礙、

irritability, and muscle tension.

易怒和肌肉緊繃。

Panic attacks are also possible 文化背景

也可能會出現恐慌發作，

but slightly different

但它略有不同，

in that they are sudden and short episodes of intense fear 文法

表現為突然且短暫的強烈恐懼，

that trigger a severe physical reaction

並引發劇烈的生理反應，

like accelerated heart rate,

例如心跳加快、

shortness of breath, 用詞

呼吸急促

and dizziness.

和頭暈。

In fact,

事實上，

anyone can experience a panic attack

任何人都有可能經歷恐慌發作，

whether or not they have an anxiety disorder, 文法

無論是否患有焦慮症，

and it's not always triggered by something known or specific. 文法

而且誘因不一定總是已知或明確的事物。

While not fully understood, 文法

儘管具體機制尚未完全釐清，

anxiety is partially triggered by the amygdala and hypothalamus,

焦慮有一部分是由杏仁核和下視丘觸發的，

controlling the circulation of cortisol and adrenaline in your body.

它們控制著體內皮質醇和腎上腺素的循環。

Genetically,

從遺傳角度來看，

40% of those with generalized anxiety disorder

40%的廣泛性焦慮症患者

also have a relative with it,

也有親屬患有這種疾病，

meaning these hormone levels are likely linked to your genes. 片語搭配

這表示這些荷爾蒙濃度很可能與基因有關。

Your environment can also be a factor,

生活環境也可能是因素之一，

as certain anxiety disorders are related to traumatic childhood experiences.

因為某些焦慮症與童年創傷經驗有關。

Varying levels of neurotransmitters like GABA,

GABA等神經傳導物質的濃度變化，

serotonin, and dopamine

以及血清素和多巴胺濃度的變化，

may also be to blame. 慣用語

也可能是原因。

Serotonin,

血清素，

which contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness,

有助於產生安適感和幸福感，

works by moving from neuron to neuron in your brain 文法

它會在大腦中從一個神經元移動到另一個神經元，

through a gap called the synapse.

穿過一道稱為突觸的間隙。

Any unused serotonin returns to the original neuron

未被利用的血清素會回到原本的神經元，

through a special transporter.

這個過程會透過一種特殊的轉運蛋白完成。

But for those with something like OCD,

但對患有強迫症等疾病的人來說，

a type of anxiety disorder,

這類疾病屬於焦慮症，

it has been suggested that a mutation in these transporters 表達脈絡

有理論認為，這些轉運蛋白發生突變後，

creates a higher volume of returned serotonin

會使更多血清素被送回，

before it's had a chance to move to the receiving neuron, 文法

甚至還沒來得及移向接收端的神經元，

resulting in a decreased amount in the synapse, 表達脈絡

導致突觸中的血清素減少，

ultimately affecting your emotions.

最終影響你的情緒。

This is why medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 講解

這就是為什麼選擇性血清素回收抑制劑等藥物

are often used in these anxiety cases

經常用於治療這類焦慮症，

to prevent the serotonin from returning to its original neuron. 文法

以阻止血清素回到原本的神經元。

Many anxiety disorders also show an overactive amygdala

許多焦慮症也伴隨著杏仁核

and periaqueductal gray area,

和導水管周圍灰質過度活躍，

which can have negative repercussions not just on the brain, 講解

這不只會對大腦造成負面影響，

but on our bodies.

也會影響我們的身體。

In a study of nearly 300 people over 5 years, 表達脈絡

一項針對近300人進行的五年研究發現，

those who had overactive amygdalas

杏仁核過度活躍的人

had a higher incidence of heart disease too, 片語搭配

心臟病的發生率也比較高，

as it triggers an increased production of white blood cells in the bone marrow,

因為這會促使骨髓製造更多白血球，

leading to an inflammatory response

進而引發發炎反應，

which contributes to increased buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries.

使更多脂肪沉積在動脈中。

If you have a phobia,

如果你有恐懼症，

that's considered an anxiety disorder too. 文法

那也被視為一種焦慮症。

But since many fears can help us survive,

不過，許多恐懼能幫助我們生存，

like the fear of spiders or heights,

例如對蜘蛛或高處的恐懼，

it's been suggested that they may be imprinted on our DNA 慣用語

因此有人認為，它們可能被烙印在我們的DNA裡，

and passed on. 片語動詞

並遺傳下去。

When mice are shocked with electricity

當小鼠受到電擊，

after being exposed to the smell of fruits, 文法

而此前牠們剛聞過水果氣味時，

they quickly learn to fear that smell.

牠們很快就學會害怕那種氣味。

But more amazing is that the future generations of mice

但更驚人的是，牠們的後代

also fear the fruit smells,

也會害怕水果的氣味，

even though they've never been exposed to the shock. 文法

儘管這些後代從未受到電擊。

It turns out that electrical shock led to overexpression 表達脈絡

原來，電擊導致了

in certain odor receptors,

某些嗅覺受體過度表現，

making the next generation more sensitive to certain smells, 文法

讓下一代對某些氣味更加敏感，

almost as though they were switched on. 講解

彷彿相關開關被打開了一樣。

And these switches may be related to some phobias.

而這些開關可能與某些恐懼症有關。

When it comes to treatment, 表達脈絡

在治療方面，

cognitive behavioral therapy helps identify certain thoughts 文化背景

認知行為治療有助於找出某些想法，

that lead to the feelings influencing your behavior

這些想法會引發影響你行為的情緒，

and aims to change those initial thoughts

並試著改變最初的那些想法，

to combat anxiety disorders.

進而對抗焦慮症。

On the other hand, 表達脈絡

另一方面，

medications such as SSRIs and SNRIs 文化背景

SSRI和SNRI等藥物

are often used to prevent reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine,

常用來阻止血清素或正腎上腺素被回收，

but can result in many side effects 片語搭配

但可能造成許多副作用，

and often increase tolerance with prolonged use. 用詞

長期使用也常會讓身體產生更強的耐受性。

Benzodiazepines are also used to help induce sleep 片語搭配

苯二氮平類藥物也用來幫助入睡

and promote muscle relaxation, 片語搭配

和促進肌肉放鬆，

but are also linked to dementia in older populations.

但也被認為與年長者罹患失智症有關。

Needless to say, 語氣意圖

不用說，

the neurochemical basis of anxiety is extremely complicated,

焦慮背後的神經化學機制極為複雜，

and it's not useful to tell somebody

所以對一個人說

to just calm down or get over it. 講解

「冷靜點」或「想開點」並沒有用。

So,

所以，

we decided to make a second video

我們決定再製作一支影片，

breaking down what we do to combat anxiety 片語動詞

詳細說明我們如何應對焦慮，

with some tips and tricks that we find work,

並分享一些我們覺得有效的小技巧，

which you can check out here.

點這裡就能觀看。

And subscribe for more weekly science videos

也別忘了訂閱，收看每週更新的科學影片，

every Thursday.

每週四準時上線。