科索沃是如何建國的？：英語精讀講義

In 2008,

2008年，

Kosovo became Europe's newest country.

科索沃成為了歐洲最年輕的國家。

This small state of 1.8 million people

這個擁有180萬人口的小國

emerged as a result of one of Europe's most brutal sectarian conflicts 講解

是歐洲最殘酷的宗派衝突之一的結果，

since the Second World War.

這場衝突是自二戰以來爆發的。

It was a conflict that pitted an authoritarian nationalist leader,

這場衝突讓一位威權主義民族主義領導人，

Slobodan Milošević,

斯洛博丹·米洛塞維奇，

when bombing stop,

「當轟炸停止時，」

then it will be very easy to continue political process.

「那麼繼續政治進程將變得非常容易。」

against Western military power.

與西方的軍事力量對立了起來。

We must not allow ethnic cleansing or genocide, 用詞

「我們絕不能允許種族清洗或種族滅絕的發生，」

particularly at the edge of Europe.

「尤其是在歐洲的邊緣。」

Today,

今天，

Kosovo is peaceful but poor.

科索沃處於和平狀態，但依然貧窮。

Kosovo didn't only transition from war to peace. 表達脈絡

科索沃不僅經歷了從戰爭到和平的過渡。

It was transition now from

這也是一場從

communist country to a capitalist one.

共產主義國家向資本主義國家的過渡。

From a ravaged countryside to the one being rebuilt.

從滿目瘡痍的鄉村向正在重建的鄉村的過渡。

Kosovo was part of Serbia from 1912.

科索沃從1912年起就是塞爾維亞的一部分。

Then,

然後，

in 1918,

在1918年，

Serbia became part of what would become Yugoslavia. 文法

塞爾維亞成為了後來的南斯拉夫的一部分。

Serbs considered and say that Kosovo is their Jerusalem. 慣用語

塞爾維亞人認為並且聲稱科索沃是他們的耶路撒冷。

It was a sort of heart of Serbia.

它就像是塞爾維亞的心臟。

To this day, 片語搭配

時至今日，

Kosovo is still divided along ethnic lines. 片語搭配

科索沃仍然因種族界線而處於分裂狀態。

Over 90% of its population are ethnic Albanians,

其超過90%的人口是阿爾巴尼亞族，

who are mostly Muslim.

他們大多是穆斯林。

Serbs,

而塞爾維亞族，

who are Orthodox Christians,

他們是東正教徒，

account for about 5%. 片語搭配

約占5%。

This is the southern city of Pristina,

這是南部城市普里斯提納，

capital of Kosovo province.

科索沃省的首府。

Throughout the 1980s,

在整個20世紀80年代，

Kosovo enjoyed autonomy within Serbia. 用詞

科索沃在塞爾維亞內部享有自治權。

But the majority ethnic Albanian population wanted more political freedom.

但佔多數的阿爾巴尼亞族人口想要更多的政治自由。

Kosovo Albanian nationalism was growing.

科索沃阿爾巴尼亞族的民族主義日益高漲。

There were demands that Kosovo become a republic. 文法

有人要求科索沃成為一個共和國。

Kosovo Serbs began to complain,

科索沃的塞爾維亞族人開始抱怨，

saying that they were threatened.

稱他們受到了威脅。

But there was one man standing in the way of Kosovo Albanians, 慣用語

但是有一個人擋在了科索沃阿爾巴尼亞人的面前，

Slobodan Milošević,

他就是斯洛博丹·米洛塞維奇，

the leader of the Serbian Communist Party.

塞爾維亞共產黨的領導人。

Milošević wanted to keep Kosovo as part of Serbia.

米洛塞維奇想讓科索沃繼續作為塞爾維亞的一部分。

He rallied the minority Serb population and further divided Kosovo. 用詞

他團結了少數的塞爾維亞族人口，並進一步分裂了科索沃。

Slobodan Milošević used the Kosovo Serb issue to take power and to play the nationalist card, 慣用語

斯洛博丹·米洛塞維奇利用科索沃塞族問題奪取政權並大打民族主義牌，

which was to propel him to full power within Serbia. 文法

這使他在塞爾維亞國內掌握了絕對權力。

In 1989,

1989年，

Milošević became president of Serbia,

米洛塞維奇成為塞爾維亞總統，

and within weeks placed Kosovo back under the direct control of his Serbian government. 片語搭配

並在幾週內將科索沃重新置於其塞爾維亞政府的直接控制之下。

Petrit Selimi was growing up in Kosovo at the time.

當時的佩特里特·塞利米正在科索沃長大。

He and his family belonged to the ethnic Albanian majority.

他和他的家人屬於佔多數的阿爾巴尼亞族。

When Milošević came to power, 片語搭配

「當米洛塞維奇上台時，」

we lost our status,

「我們失去了我們的地位，」

our political rights were lost, 表達脈絡

「我們失去了政治權利，」

our economic freedoms were lost,

「我們失去了經濟自由，」

and our education rights were lost.

「我們也失去了受教育的權利。」

As communism collapsed across Central and Eastern Europe, 文法

隨著共產主義在中歐和東歐的崩潰，

Yugoslavia began to disintegrate.

南斯拉夫開始解體。

From 1991,

從1991年起，

its republics declared independence.

其加盟共和國紛紛宣布獨立。

Wars broke out in Slovenia, 片語動詞

戰爭在斯洛維尼亞、

Croatia,

克羅埃西亞

and Bosnia

和波士尼亞爆發，

as ethnic Serbs living in these new countries opposed independence.

因為居住在這些新國家的塞爾維亞族人反對獨立。

Milošević wanted to carve a Greater Serbia out of the ruins. 慣用語

米洛塞維奇想在廢墟中建立一個「大塞爾維亞」。

So he sent his troops to support Serbs in these conflicts.

因此，他派遣軍隊去支持這些衝突中的塞爾維亞族人。

During this turbulent time,

在這個動盪的時期，

Kosovo's political leadership declared independence too,

科索沃的政治領導層也宣布獨立，

but this was ignored by Serbia and the international community.

但這被塞爾維亞和國際社會所忽視。

In the late 1990s,

在20世紀90年代末，

a guerrilla group,

一個游擊隊組織，

the Kosovo Liberation Army, 文化背景

科索沃解放軍，

or KLA,

即KLA，

began to attack Serbian police units.

開始襲擊塞爾維亞警察部隊。

Its aim was to win independence through force.

其目的是透過武力贏得獨立。

It was a mixture of excitement

「那是一種混合了興奮」

but fear that something big is about to unfold. 文法

「和恐懼的情緒，感覺有大事即將發生。」

Milošević sent more Serbian security forces into Kosovo to defeat the KLA.

米洛塞維奇派遣了更多塞爾維亞安全部隊進入科索沃以擊敗科索沃解放軍。

The Serbian security forces and the Yugoslav army were pretty brutal. 用詞

「塞爾維亞安全部隊和南斯拉夫軍隊非常殘暴。」

I mean,

「我的意思是，」

the KLA was quite brutal as well,

「科索沃解放軍也相當殘暴，」

but the overwhelming preponderance of force, 用詞

「但壓倒性的武力優勢，」

of course,

「毫無疑問，」

was on the side of the Serbian security forces.

「是在塞爾維亞安全部隊那一邊的。」

On January the 15th, 1999,

1999年1月15日，

Serb forces attacked the village of Račak,

塞爾維亞軍隊襲擊了拉察克村，

killing 45 Kosovo Albanian civilians. 文法

殺害了45名科索沃阿族平民。

Račak massacre was a turning point because as soon as the massacre unfolded, 慣用語

「拉察克大屠殺是一個轉折點，因為大屠殺一發生，」

people were there,

「人們就在那裡，」

Western journalists,

「西方記者、」

observers,

「觀察員，」

seeing the dead bodies and calling it what it was, 語氣意圖

「看到了屍體，並如實地稱之為——」

a crime against humanity. 文化背景

「反人類罪。」

As Serbian forces retook territory from the KLA,

隨著塞爾維亞軍隊從科索沃解放軍手中奪回領土，

thousands of Kosovo Albanians fled their homes.

成千上萬的科索沃阿爾巴尼亞人逃離家園。

The images shocked the world.

這些畫面震驚了世界。

At a peace conference in France,

在法國舉行的一場和平會議上，

Western powers gave Serbia and Kosovo Albanians an ultimatum. 片語搭配

西方大國向塞爾維亞和科索沃的阿爾巴尼亞人下達了最後通牒。

Accept a peace deal or face military action. 語氣意圖

接受和平協議，否則將面臨軍事行動。

We're not interested in a partial agreement. 表達脈絡

「我們對部分協議不感興趣。」

We're interested in a settlement that works.

「我們感興趣的是行之有效的解決方案。」

The Serbs rejected the deal.

塞爾維亞人拒絕了該協議。

We are not talking to Albanians.

「我們不是在和阿爾巴尼亞人談判。」

We are talking to Americans,

「我們是在和美國人談判，」

who would like to take our territory for themselves and for NATO.

「他們想為了自己和北約奪走我們的領土。」

And Albanians were just excuse for them.

「而阿爾巴尼亞人只是他們的藉口。」

NATO resolved to punish Milošević and his army and began air strikes on Serb military targets in Kosovo and throughout Serbia itself. 用詞

北約決定懲罰米洛塞維奇及其軍隊，並開始對科索沃和整個塞爾維亞境內的塞軍目標進行空襲。

It is about creating the kind of world 文法

「這關乎建立這樣一個世界：」

where an innocent people are not singled out for repression, 講解

「在這裡，無辜的人們不會因為他們的宗教和種族血統，」

for expulsion,

「而遭到鎮壓、」

for destruction,

「遭到驅逐、」

just because of their religious and ethnic heritage.

「遭到毀滅。」

During the war,

「在戰爭期間，」

my parents,

「我的父母、」

my brother fled the neighborhood.

「我的兄弟逃離了街區。」

We were kicked out by paramilitaries. 片語動詞

「我們被準軍事組織趕了出來。」

They were hiding in the forest.

「他們躲在森林裡。」

I didn't know for several days are they alive or not. 文法

「我好幾天都不知道他們是死是活。」

After 78 days of bombing and hundreds of civilian deaths,

經過78天的轟炸和數百名平民的死亡，

Serbia capitulated.

塞爾維亞投降了。

Milošević withdrew his forces from Kosovo. 片語搭配

米洛塞維奇從科索沃撤軍。

NATO tanks rolled in and Petrit was reunited with his family. 講解

北約坦克開了進來，佩特里特與家人團聚了。

As Kosovo Albanians returned,

隨著科索沃阿族人的回歸，

tens of thousands of ethnic Serbs fled north to Serbia. 文法

成千上萬的塞爾維亞族人向北逃往塞爾維亞。

It would be another nine years before Kosovo finally declared independence. 文法

直到九年後，科索沃才最終宣布獨立。

Today,

今天，

Kosovo has a rough-and-ready democracy and a growing economy, 用詞

科索沃擁有一個粗放但尚能運作的民主制度和不斷增長的經濟，

but unemployment is high at 33%.

但失業率高達33%。

In recent years,

近年來，

clashes caused by ethnic tension have erupted on occasions. 文法

由種族緊張局勢引起的衝突時有發生。

Today,

今天，

most Kosovo Serbs consider themselves citizens of Serbia. 文法

大多數科索沃塞族人認為自己是塞爾維亞公民。

They don't recognize the Kosovo state and they don't feel a part of it.

他們不承認科索沃國家，也不覺得自己是其中的一部分。

External pressure could improve those strained relations. 片語搭配

外部壓力可能會改善這種緊張的關係。

Both Kosovo and Serbia are working to join the European Union.

科索沃和塞爾維亞都在努力加入歐盟。

I don't think either of us will be able to join the European family

「我不認為我們任何一方能夠加入歐洲大家庭，」

until we sort out the issues with each other. 片語動詞

「除非我們解決好彼此之間的問題。」

Dialogue is the only way we can move forward. 表達脈絡

「對話是我們能夠向前邁進的唯一途徑。」

If Kosovo and Serbia are to become EU member states, 文法

如果科索沃和塞爾維亞要成為歐盟成員國，

their governments and peoples will have to work together and bury their bloody past. 慣用語

他們的政府和人民就必須共同努力，埋葬他們血腥的過去。