拉什摩爾山背後隱藏的工程奇蹟：英語精讀講義

There is something unusual about Mount Rushmore.

拉什摩爾山有一些與眾不同之處。

Unlike most sculptures, 文法

不同於大多數雕塑，

which look painstakingly crafted,

它們看起來都是精心製作的，

Mount Rushmore almost seems like it formed out of the mountain naturally

拉什摩爾山幾乎就像是在山上自然形成的，

and not by the work of a great sculptor.

而不是出自某位偉大雕塑家之手。

The reality is Mount Rushmore is not only a work of art, 文法

事實上，拉什摩爾山不僅是一件藝術品，

but an engineering masterpiece.

更是一項工程傑作。

Despite having zero artistic experience, 文法

儘管毫無藝術經驗，

an enormous team of gold miners managed to bring these giant heads into existence 片語搭配

一個由金礦工人組成的龐大團隊，成功地讓這些巨大的頭像呈現在世人面前，

using jackhammers,

他們使用的僅僅是風鎬、

dynamite and some clever engineering.

炸藥和一些巧妙的工程技術。

We modeled the entire thing to show you how they mapped the design onto the mountain

我們對整個結構進行了建模，向你展示他們是如何將設計圖映射到山體上的，

using ancient Greek technology and how all of this was done without losing a single man.

他們運用了古希臘的技術，並在沒有損失一名工人的情況下完成了這一切。

But in order to understand why Mount Rushmore exists in the first place, 片語搭配

但為了了解拉什摩爾山最初存在的原因，

we need to go back in time.

我們需要回到過去。

In the early 1920s,

在20世紀20年代初，

the state of South Dakota was just a few decades old

南達科他州才成立幾十年，

and it was struggling to get its foot in the door. 慣用語

正艱難地試圖尋找立足之地。

State historian Doane Robinson saw how tourists from all over the country

州歷史學家 Doane Robinson 看到來自全國各地的遊客

had been flocking to a new sculpture in the state of Georgia

紛紛湧向喬治亞州的一座新雕塑，

and this gave him an idea.

這給了他一個靈感。

He reached out to the sculptor Gutzon Borglum and asked if he'd like to make an enormous sculpture of America's Wild West heroes. 片語動詞

他聯繫了雕塑家 Gutzon Borglum，問他是否願意為美國的狂野西部英雄製作一座巨大的雕塑。

Borglum was excited by the idea,

Borglum 對這個想法感到興奮，

but thought that more national figures like presidents would draw more attention.

但他認為像總統這樣的國家級人物會吸引更多的關注。

And so,

於是，

in the summer of 1925,

在1925年的夏天，

he traveled to South Dakota and came across Mount Rushmore, 片語動詞

他前往南達科他州，並偶然發現了拉什摩爾山，

a 500-ft tall cliff edge made from fine-grained granite.

這是一座高500英尺、由細粒花崗岩組成的懸崖。

He knew that this would be the perfect blank canvas for his project. 慣用語

他知道這將是他專案的完美空白畫布。

With the mountain secured, 文法

在確定了這座山之後，

he started studying photographs of the presidents and put together a 1-to-12 scale model. 片語動詞

他開始研究總統們的照片，並拼湊了一個1比12比例的模型。

Now,

現在，

he had to figure out how he was actually going to make the real thing. 片語動詞

他必須弄清楚到底該如何製作真正的雕像。

At the time, Mount Rushmore had nothing,

當時，拉什摩爾山一無所有，

no roads, no electricity, and no way for workers to even climb the mountain.

沒有路，沒有電，工人甚至無法爬上這座山。

And so,

於是，

in the summer of 1927,

在1927年夏天，

a road was built that could carry goods and people to the site.

一條能夠將貨物和人員運送到現場的道路建成了。

Soon after,

不久之後，

an entire village popped up around the base of the site with tool shops, blacksmiths, and houses for the workers. 片語動詞

在現場周圍的山腳下出現了一個完整的村莊，裡面有工具店、鐵匠鋪和工人們的住所。

An enormous staircase was built to the top of the mountain

一條巨大的樓梯被修建到山頂，

and a cable car was set up to carry tools and materials back and forth.

並且設置了一台纜車來回運送工具和材料。

A winch house was also built at the top of the mountain

山頂還建造了一個絞車房，

where operators could raise and lower the brave workers on small seats to any point on the mountain.

操作員可以在那裡將坐在小椅子上的勇敢工人們升降到山上的任何位置。

With all of this in place, 片語搭配

一切準備就緒後，

the team could finally start carving out the first head of George Washington.

團隊終於可以開始雕刻喬治·華盛頓的第一個頭像了。

With the help of carefully placed dynamite,

在精心佈置的炸藥的幫助下，

the crew started tearing off large chunks of surface rock until they had a rough egg-shaped head.

工人們開始剝離大塊的表面岩石，直到形成一個粗糙的蛋形頭部。

From here,

從這裡開始，

it was up to the workers to carve out the face using jackhammers. 文法

就輪到工人們用風鎬雕刻出面部輪廓了。

But handling these 30-kg jackhammers on the side of a cliff would be a huge challenge

但是在懸崖邊上操作這些30公斤重的風鎬將是一個巨大的挑戰，

and powering them would require more clever engineering.

而且為它們提供動力將需要更巧妙的工程技術。

The jackhammers ran on compressed air. 片語動詞

風鎬依靠壓縮空氣運行。

And so,

於是，

a building at the base of the mountain was set up to power them.

他們在山腳下建造了一座建築物來為它們提供動力。

It contained three massive air compressors that ran on electricity provided by the local gold mine.

它包含三台巨大的空氣壓縮機，由當地金礦提供的電力驅動。

These would run all day,

它們會全天運轉，

compressing air into a pipe that ran for 2,000 ft all the way up the side of the staircase

將空氣壓縮進一根沿著樓梯一側長達2000英尺的管道中，

and into a building at the top of the mountain.

並進入山頂的一棟建築。

From here,

在這裡，

up to 16 jackhammers could be connected at a time. 用詞

一次最多可以連接16台風鎬。

To stop the jackhammers from jumping all over the rock, 文法

為了防止風鎬在岩石上跳動，

they developed their own techniques,

他們開發了自己的技巧，

sometimes installing chains to grab onto

有時安裝鏈條來抓握，

and sometimes using their own feet to guide the jackhammer into the rock.

有時用自己的腳引導風鎬鑽入岩石。

The workers became experts at operating the jackhammers,

工人們成了操作風鎬的專家，

but without any artistic or sculpting experience,

但在沒有任何藝術或雕塑經驗的情況下，

how did they know where to drill?

他們怎麼知道該在哪裡鑽孔呢？

On the Stone Mountain Memorial,

在石山紀念碑的建造中，

Borglum used a large projector to map out his design. 片語動詞

Borglum 使用一台大型投影機來規劃他的設計圖。

But Mount Rushmore was much larger and the 3D nature of the faces would make this method impossible.

但拉什摩爾山要大得多，而且面部的3D特性使得這種方法根本無法實現。

He had to figure out how to transfer the data from his model onto the mountain.

他必須想出如何將模型上的數據轉移到山上。

Did you know that your own personal data is being transferred into the hands of marketing agencies

你知道你個人的數據正在被轉移到行銷機構的手中嗎，

who then fill your inbox with spam?

然後他們會讓你的收件匣充滿垃圾郵件？

Luckily,

幸運的是，

you have the right to protect your own data and that's where Incogni, today's sponsor, 表達脈絡

你有權保護自己的數據，而這正是今日贊助商 Incogni，

comes in.

發揮作用的地方。

They reach out to these data brokers on your behalf 片語搭配

他們會代表你聯絡這些數據經紀商，

and ask them to remove all data they have about you.

要求他們刪除關於你的所有數據。

All you need to do is create an account, 文法

你需要做的只是建立一個帳戶，

sit back, and watch Incogni do their thing. 慣用語

然後坐下來，看著 Incogni 為你辦事。

They contact each company individually,

他們會逐一聯絡每家公司，

saving you an enormous amount of work.

為你節省大量的工作。

I've been using Incogni for months now and it has basically eliminated spam from my life.

我已經使用 Incogni 好幾個月了，它基本上消除了我生活中的垃圾郵件。

Incogni now has a family plan that will also protect your loved ones from online scams and spam.

Incogni 現在推出了家庭方案，也可以保護你的親人免受網路詐騙和垃圾郵件的侵害。

To protect your data and remove spam from your life,

為了保護你的數據並消除生活中的垃圾郵件，

visit incogni.com/primalspace and use code primalspace to get 60% off the annual Incogni plan.

請造訪 incogni.com/primalspace 並使用代碼 primalspace 獲取 Incogni 年度方案的四折優惠。

In order to turn Mount Rushmore into a reality, 片語搭配

為了將拉什摩爾山變為現實，

Borglum had to figure out how to map his 5-ft model onto the 60-ft cliff edge. 片語搭配

Borglum 必須弄清楚如何將他的5英尺模型映射到60英尺的懸崖面上。

He took inspiration from the Greeks who were able to make identical copies of Roman statues 片語搭配

他從希臘人那裡獲得了靈感，希臘人能夠完美複製羅馬雕像，

using a pointing machine. 文化背景

他們使用的是一種叫作點測儀的機器。

This was a tool that could measure specific points on a sculpture relative to a reference point. 用詞

這是一種能夠測量雕塑上特定點相對於參考點的位置的工具。

This could then be transferred onto a different sculpture,

然後，這可以轉移到另一個雕塑上，

giving the artist a guide to carve to.

為藝術家的雕刻提供指導。

By doing this for thousands of points,

透過對成千上萬個點進行這樣的操作，

the exact shape of the sculpture could be replicated.

就可以複製出雕塑的精確形狀。

This worked well for replicas of the same size.

這對於相同大小的複製品很有效。

But in order to scale up his design, 片語動詞

但為了放大他的設計，

Borglum would have to get creative.

Borglum 必須發揮創造力。

He came up with his own pointing machine, 片語動詞

他發明了自己的點測儀，

which was essentially a metal arm with a weighted point at one end that could swing around a fixed axis.

那本質上是一根金屬臂，一端有一個帶配重的指針，可以圍繞固定軸擺動。

By placing the weighted point somewhere on his model,

透過將配重指針放置在模型上的某個位置，

he could get three measurements:

他可以獲得三個測量值：

the angle of the point,

指針的角度、

its horizontal distance,

它的水平距離，

and its vertical distance.

以及它的垂直距離。

By simply multiplying these measurements by 12, 文法

只需將這些測量值乘以12，

the exact same point could be transferred onto the mountain.

就能把完全相同的點轉移到山上。

But for that, Borglum would need to make a much larger pointing machine

但為了做到這一點，Borglum 需要製造一台大得多的點測儀，

on top of Mount Rushmore.

放在拉什摩爾山頂。

And so, that's exactly what he did. 表達脈絡

於是，他確實這樣做了。

Using this giant machine,

使用這台巨型機器，

thousands of points could be marked directly onto the mountain,

可以將成千上萬個點直接標記在山上，

showing the workers where to drill and exactly how deep they should drill. 文法

向工人們顯示應該在哪裡鑽孔以及應該鑽多深。

Instead of carving out the entire part, 文法

工人們不是雕刻出整個部分，

the workers would drill a series of holes close together in a honeycomb pattern.

而是在蜂窩狀的圖案中鑽出一系列緊密相鄰的孔。

Then,

然後，

the rock between the holes would be hammered out. 片語動詞

孔之間的岩石就會被敲掉。

After a couple hours of solid drilling,

在連續鑽孔幾個小時後，

a steel worker would come down on a harness with replacement bits to keep the workers drilling. 文法

一名鋼鐵工人會繫著安全帶下來，帶著備用鑽頭，以保持工人們繼續鑽孔。

The work was tough and the men spent 8 hours a day dangling over a 500-ft cliff edge 文法

工作非常艱苦，人們每天要在500英尺高的懸崖邊上懸空8小時，

for just 50 cents an hour.

而每小時只有50美分的報酬。

Over the next few years,

在接下來的幾年裡，

work progressed and eventually George Washington's head was done.

工作取得了進展，最終喬治·華盛頓的頭像完成了。

Borglum had assembled a well-oiled team and so, 慣用語

Borglum 組建了一支運轉良好的團隊，於是，

he turned his attention to the finer details. 片語搭配

他將注意力轉向了更精細的細節。

One of the trickiest parts about the sculpture was the eyes. 文法

雕塑中最棘手的部分之一是眼睛。

Typical Greek sculptures have perfectly smooth eyes,

典型的希臘雕塑擁有完全光滑的眼睛，

which look flat and lifeless.

看起來扁平且毫無生氣。

To give the eyes a realistic shine,

為了給眼睛增添逼真的光澤，

he cut out a hole that was deep enough to always be in shadow. 文法

他挖了一個足夠深的洞，使它總是處於陰影中。

Then, at the center of the pupil,

然後，在瞳孔的中心，

a square section would be left uncut to give the impression of a reflection in the eye. 片語搭配

會留下一塊方形的部分不切割，以給人一種眼中反光的錯覺。

This was an extremely risky process

這是一個極其危險的過程，

since the rock could fall under its own weight at any moment.

因為岩石隨時可能在自身重量的作用下塌落。

Its effect was amazing and When viewed from far away, 文法

它的效果令人驚嘆，從遠處看時，

these square sections gave the eyes a shiny texture.

這些方形部分賦予了眼睛閃亮的質感。

To finish off the heads, 片語動詞

為了完成頭像，

workers would do a process called bumping, 用詞

工人們會進行一個稱為打磨的過程，

which would smoothen out the surface and pulverize it,

這會使表面變光滑並將其粉碎，

turning it into a whiter color.

使其變成更白的顏色。

The carving of Mount Rushmore went on for 14 years, 片語動詞

拉什摩爾山的雕刻持續了14年，

but in the end,

但最終，

it was never quite finished.

它並沒有完全完工。

The original plan was to have each president carved down to their waist 文法

最初的計畫是將每位總統雕刻到腰部，

and a secret tomb designed with lavish decorations

還有一個設計有豪華裝飾的秘密墓穴

had only just been started when the project came to an end. 文法

才剛剛開始，該專案就結束了。

The Second World War took away all of the attention and money from Mount Rushmore.

第二次世界大戰奪走了外界對拉什摩爾山的所有關注和資金。

And just a couple years later,

就在短短幾年後，

Gutzon Borglum passed away. 用詞

Gutzon Borglum 去世了。

Ultimately,

最終，

Borglum and Robinson achieved their goal of putting South Dakota on the map. 慣用語

Borglum 和 Robinson 實現了讓南達科他州名揚天下的目標。

And now, time for the Primal Space giveaway.

現在，到了 Primal Space 抽獎環節。

The winner of the previous giveaway is Sam.

上一期抽獎的獲勝者是 Sam。

Congrats.

恭喜。

In the next video,

在下一個影片中，

we'll be giving away one of these awesome Metmo Cube desk toys,

我們將送出這款超棒的 Metmo Cube 桌面玩具，

precisely machined out of solid stainless steel.

由堅固的不鏽鋼精密加工而成。

All you need to do is sign up at the link below,

你需要做的只是在下面的連結註冊，

like the video,

給影片按讚，

and leave a comment saying what you think about Mount Rushmore.

並留言說說你對拉什摩爾山的看法。

Thank you very much for watching and I'll see you

非常感謝你的觀看，我們下次再見

in the next video.

在下一個影片中。

Oh.

哦。