大自然的3D印表機：雨林中令人驚嘆的繭 - Smarter Every Day 94：英語精讀講義

Hey, it's me, Destin.

嘿，是我，Destin。

Welcome back to Smarter Every Day.

歡迎回到 Smarter Every Day。

So, we just got off this boat and we're going to walk for about an hour in the jungle to find a moth pupa. 片語動詞

所以，我們剛下船，準備在叢林裡走大約一個小時去找蛾蛹。

Okay, Phil just found it.

好了，Phil剛剛找到了。

So, what are we looking at here?

那麼，我們在這裡看到的是什麼？

This here is the pupa of a moth called a Urodid moth. 文法

這是名為 Urodid 蛾的蛹。

Now, the moth itself isn't that special looking, 文法

其實這種蛾本身看起來並沒有那麼特別，

but this pupa here is just incredible.

但這隻蛹簡直不可思議。

So, that's the chrysalis inside?

所以，裡面就是蛹殼嗎？

Yep.

是的。

So, that's the actual pupa inside

所以，裡面是真正的蛹，

and then on the outside is the cocoon.

而外面是繭。

So, most moths will make a really strongly woven silken cocoon

大多數蛾子會結出非常堅固的絲繭，

and uh try to hide.

然後嘗試隱藏起來。

But this guy has a different strategy

但是這傢伙採取了不同的策略，

and instead it just dangles almost a foot down from a leaf 片語搭配

相反，它只是從一片葉子上懸垂將近一英尺，

and then it makes its uh cocoon there.

然後在那裡結繭。

And that probably protects it more from ants than anything else.

這比起其他任何方法都更能保護牠免受螞蟻的侵擾。

It seems so counterintuitive though to build something like that. 表達脈絡

雖然造出這樣的東西似乎有悖常理。

It's almost like, hey guys, check me out. 片語動詞

這簡直就像在說，嘿，大家快來看我。

Oh, crap.

哦，糟糕。

Look what I was leaning on.

看我剛才靠在什麼上面了。

Golly.

天哪。

On my hat?

在我的帽子上？

Where?

哪裡？

Oh, yeah.

哦，看到了。

It's a satyr.

那是眼蝶。

A satyr?

眼蝶？

I can only think about these ants right now.

我現在滿腦子只能想到這些螞蟻。

Are you using a macro lens or just a 100? 文化背景

你是在用微距鏡頭還是只用了100mm？

I'm using a 105 macro.

我用的是105mm微距。

Should be able to see the fine structure. 文法

應該能看清精細的結構。

Oh, that's awesome.

哦，太棒了。

And this cocoon is really one of a kind. 慣用語

這個繭真的是獨一無二的。

Um you can actually find these guys up in North America

嗯，實際上你可以在北美找到牠們，

if you're lucky.

如果你運氣好的話。

So, how does he

那麼，牠怎麼……

Okay, so he's going to become a moth, right?

好的，所以牠會變成一隻蛾，對吧？

Yep.

是的。

So, how does he get out once he's

那麼，一旦牠……牠要怎麼出來呢？

So, it kind of looks if you look at the bottom there,

如果你看底部的那個地方，

it almost looks like a little escape shaft.

它看起來幾乎就像一個小逃生井。

So, it's possible that once it comes out as a moth,

所以有可能當牠羽化成蛾時，

it'll just shoot right down.

牠就會直接從那裡往下衝出來。

Do you want to put your finger under it so we can see the scale? 用詞

你想把手指放在下面，讓我們看看比例嗎？

You got your manicure?

你做美甲了？

Yeah. You ready for this.

是啊。你準備好了嗎。

I've been cleaning my nails all day. 文法

我今天一整天都在清理指甲。

Cool.

酷。

Okay, so please make this transition with me. 表達脈絡

好的，請和我一起切換場景。

So, as soon as I got back from the Amazon, 文法

我一從亞馬遜回來，

I had to go to a wedding reception.

我就得去參加一個婚宴。

As I'm sitting there making small talk with this guy, 講解

當我坐在那裡和這傢伙閒聊時，

I start explaining this beautiful cocoon I found in the rainforest

我開始解釋我在雨林中發現的這個美麗的繭，

because it made such a huge impact on me. 片語搭配

因為它給了我巨大的震撼。

So, I explained that if a cocoon is to keep predators out, 表達脈絡

我解釋說，如果繭是為了防範捕食者，

why would I put holes all in my cocoon?

那我為什麼要在我的繭上到處開孔呢？

And the guy said something that shocked me.

那個人說的話讓我震驚了。

He goes, "Oh, that's interesting. 用詞

他說，"哦，那很有意思。

I happen to be a butterfly farmer." 片語搭配

我碰巧是個蝴蝶養殖者。"

I've come here to Mr. John's house

我來到了 John 先生的家，

and I've brought my kids with me

我還帶上了我的孩子們，

and John owns one of two butterfly farms in Alabama.

John 擁有阿拉巴馬州僅有的兩個蝴蝶農場之一。

He's going to show us a little bit about cocoons.

他要給我們展示一些關於繭的知識。

How do you sell butterflies?

你是怎麼賣蝴蝶的？

How does this work? 語氣意圖

這門生意是怎麼運作的？

Well, that is a fascinating question.

嗯，這是一個非常吸引人的問題。

That's one of my... actually one of my favorite questions to answer.

這是我的……實際上是我最喜歡回答的問題之一。

But this is actually the general way I ship butterflies,

這確實是我運輸蝴蝶的常規方式，

right in like this.

就像這樣裝在裡面。

And I'll just pad them and put layers.

我會給牠們墊上墊子，然後分層放好。

And most of my butterflies go to zoos, botanical gardens

我的大多數蝴蝶都去了動物園、植物園

um around the country.

嗯，遍布全國各地。

So, you don't really sell like 10 at a time, 片語搭配

所以你並不是一次只賣10隻，

you sell hundreds at a time, right?

你一次賣幾百隻，對吧？

Right.

對的。

I would say my average size order is about 100 butterflies a week.

我想我的平均訂單量是每週100隻左右的蝴蝶。

So, what we have here, this is a Luna moth cocoon.

所以我們這裡有的，這是一個月神蛾的繭。

And um some people are confused about the difference uh in a cocoon here

嗯，有些人分不清這裡的繭

and a chrysalis uh or a pupa here.

和這裡的蝶蛹（chrysalis）或蛹（pupa）的區別。

Um and the difference really isn't that great.

嗯，其實區別並沒有那麼大。

Inside the cocoon is actually your pupa.

繭的裡面其實就是蛹。

Um so, this the cocoon itself is really just the covering that the pupa uh spins around itself. 用詞

所以，這個繭本身真的只是蛹為自己吐絲結成的外殼。

If you look here at the spicebush swallowtail,

如果你看這裡的香料灌木燕尾蝶（spicebush swallowtail），

it does not have a cocoon.

牠沒有繭。

So, it's just the pupa.

所以牠就只是蛹。

Whereas the Luna moth actually spins the cocoon around the pupa. 表達脈絡

然而月神蛾實際上會在蛹外吐絲結繭。

This is the picture of the uh the thing that we took in the rainforest.

這是我們在雨林裡拍的那個東西的照片。

Yes, and that it's a beautiful example of a cocoon.

是的，那是一個美麗的繭的例子。

Why is the here I'm seeing these cocoons are solid,

為什麼這裡的……我看到這些繭是實心的，

but on that thing,

但是那個東西上，

you know, there's holes in the cocoon.

你知道，那個繭上是有洞的。

Why would it do that?

牠為什麼要那麼做呢？

Well, that's actually a very important uh defense mechanism. 用詞

嗯，這實際上是一個非常重要的呃防禦機制。

If you look at the cocoon um on this Luna moth,

如果你看這隻月神蛾的繭，

it's very tightly woven.

它織得非常緊密。

Um so, if this was hanging on a tree like the one you found down in the Amazon,

嗯，所以如果它像你在亞馬遜找到的那個一樣掛在樹上，

if it was hanging like that, 文法

如果它那樣掛著，

as massive amounts of rain fell,

當大量下雨時，

um it would actually fill up with water and actually drown the pupa.

它實際上會積滿水，並把裡面的蛹淹死。

So, those large holes actually allow the rain to just fall through uh instead of filling up the pupa. 講解

所以那些大孔實際上可以讓雨水直接流過，而不是積滿並淹沒蛹。

Oh, so a pupa actually has to have air?

哦，所以蛹實際上需要空氣？

Correct.

正確。

Yeah.

是的。

People don't think about that a lot,

人們通常不會怎麼去想這事，

but pupa breathe just like any other living animal. 文法

但是蛹和任何其他活體動物一樣都要呼吸。

They need air.

牠們需要空氣。

So, if they're surrounded by water,

所以如果牠們被水包圍，

if that cocoon was to fill up with water,

如果那個繭積滿了水，

it would actually drown the pupa.

它實際上就會把蛹淹死。

Oh, wow.

哦，哇。

Interesting. Well, thank you very much, John.

很有意思。好吧，非常感謝你，John。

You're welcome.

不用客氣。

I hope you enjoyed it.

希望大家喜歡。

Last thing,

最後一件事，

you hear us using the term chrysalis. 文化背景

你聽到我們用了 chrysalis 這個詞。

That comes from the Greek word chrysos,

它來源於希臘語 chrysos，

which means gold.

意思是黃金。

Some butterfly pupa have a gold shimmer to them,

有些蝴蝶蛹帶有金色的閃光，

so that's why they're called a chrysalis. 表達脈絡

所以這就是為什麼牠們被稱為 chrysalis。

I thought that was pretty interesting.

我覺得那挺有意思的。

Okay, my goal here was for you to learn, enjoy, and maybe see something beautiful you've never seen before. 文法

好了，我這裡的目標是讓大家學習、享受，或許還能看到一些你以前從未見過的美麗事物。

I will now try to earn your like or subscription

我現在將努力贏得您的按讚或訂閱，

by providing a link in the video description

在影片描述中提供一個連結

to the high resolution photos of the cocoon

包含那些高解析度的繭的照片，

because it's pretty awesome.

因為這真的很讚。

Anyway, I'm Destin.

不管怎樣，我是 Destin。

You're getting smarter every day.

你每天都在變得更聰明。

Have a good one. 片語搭配

祝你有美好的一天。

Gerson, I got to ask,

Gerson，我得問一句，

what are you doing, man?

你在幹嘛，老兄？

I'm trying to keep the beetle.

我在努力留住這隻甲蟲。

I rather get him working.

我寧願讓它活動起來。

Steps back and use the binoculars.

退後一步用雙筒望遠鏡看。

I think Gerson needs some glasses.

我覺得 Gerson 需要一副眼鏡。

How long have you lived out here? 文法

你在這裡住了多久了？

Well, I am from here.

嗯，我就是本地人。

I was born here.

我出生在這裡。

Um I actually know this place very well.

嗯，我實際上非常了解這個地方。

I have almost 10 years guiding in the area,

我在這裡做嚮導差不多有10年了，

but I never seen this before. 文法

但我以前從沒見過這個。

Ever?

從來沒有？

To be honest, never. 語氣意圖

老實說，從來沒有。

Are you just not a very good guide? 語氣意圖

還是說你只是個不太好的嚮導？

Maybe.

也許吧。

I like the birds more than the butterflies,

比起蝴蝶，我更喜歡鳥類，

but I always focus in details, 片語搭配

但我總是關注細節，

new things because I like these things,

關注新鮮事物，因為我喜歡這些，

but I never seen this, honestly.

但我老實說從沒見過這個。

Awesome.

太棒了。

So, you've lived here your whole life and you've never seen this?

所以你一輩子住在這裡，從來沒見過這東西？

No, really.

真的沒有。

And uh if you want to check out John's stuff, 片語動詞

還有，如果你想看看 John 的東西，

I may or may not leave a link depending on what we decide. 講解

我可能會也可能不會留連結，這取決於我們的決定。

So, anyway,

總之，

have a good one.

祝你有美好的一天。