完美到政客不願放行的投票制度：英語精讀講義

Queen Lion is looking to make the elections in her animal kingdom more fair. 片語搭配

獅子女王想讓她的動物王國的選舉變得更加公平。

Currently, she divides her citizens into ranges,

目前，她將公民劃分到不同的選區，

each of which selects one representative to go to the Jungle Council, 文法

每個選區選出一位代表進入叢林委員會，

which makes laws for the kingdom.

該委員會為王國制定法律。

But her citizens are unhappy

但是她的公民們並不高興，

and it's easy to see why.

原因顯而易見。

The Council is full of monkeys.

委員會裡全是猴子。

Of course, some of her citizens are monkeys,

當然，有些公民也是猴子，

but not all of them.

但並不是全部。

This Council doesn't fairly represent her kingdom.

這個委員會不能公平地代表她的王國。

Queen Lion visits one of the ranges to find out what's wrong and how to fix it. 片語動詞

獅子女王走訪了其中一個選區，想弄清楚問題出在哪裡以及如何解決。

In this range,

在這個選區，

there are five monkeys, four tigers,

有五隻猴子，四隻老虎，

three owls, two lynxes,

三隻貓頭鷹，兩隻猞猁，

and one buffalo.

和一頭水牛。

One of each runs for representative

每種動物都有一個競選代表，

and all citizens vote for their own species.

所有公民都把票投給自己的物種。

The election rule is that the candidate with the most votes wins, 文法

選舉規則是得票最多的候選人獲勝，

which is the monkey.

也就是猴子。

But it's a pretty unsatisfying result

但這是一個相當令人不滿意的結果，

considering that two-thirds of the citizens in this range aren't monkeys 文法

考慮到這個選區三分之二的公民不是猴子，

and wouldn't vote for monkeys.

也不會把票投給猴子。

This is the same across all the ranges of the kingdom.

王國所有選區的情況都是如此。

The monkeys always happen to have more votes than anybody else,

猴子的票數總是比其他任何人都多，

so they win all the elections

所以牠們贏得了所有的選舉，

even though they're a minority of the total population. 文法

儘管牠們只是總人口中的少數。

Closer inspection reveals that the independent advisors hired to draw the range boundaries in the first place 講解

進一步的調查顯示，最初聘請來劃定選區邊界的獨立顧問

weren't as independent as they might have appeared. 文法

並不像他們看起來那麼獨立。

The result is unhappy citizens

結果是公民們很不滿，

who don't trust the Jungle Council to make the fairest laws for all,

他們不相信叢林委員會能為大家制定最公平的法律，

quite rightly. 語氣意圖

這完全合情合理。

Now Queen Lion wants to maximize the number of citizens

現在，獅子女王想讓盡可能多的公民

happy with the election results.

對選舉結果感到滿意。

One way to do that is to abolish the ranges 文法

做到這一點的方法之一是取消選區，

and use a proportional system.

並使用比例代表制。

But her citizens want local representatives.

但是她的公民想要當地的代表。

So Queen Lion needs a system that both makes her citizens happier

所以獅子女王需要一個能讓公民更滿意的制度，

by having a more representative council

既能擁有一個更具代表性的委員會，

while keeping the local elections in place.

又能保留地方選舉。

After doing a little research, she finds out how single transferable vote.

經過一番研究，她發現了單一可讓渡投票制（STV）是如何運作的。

The big change with STV is that ranges send more than one representative,

STV的最大改變是選區會派出不止一名代表，

which may seem weird,

這可能看起來有些奇怪，

but Queen Lion decides to test it out. 片語動詞

但獅子女王決定測試一下。

She takes three ranges,

她選取了三個選區，

which used to each send one representative, 文法

它們過去每個選區只派出一名代表，

and combines them into one bigger range

並將它們合併成一個更大的選區，

that will send three.

將派出三名代表。

On election day,

在選舉日，

citizens go to the polls 片語搭配

公民們前往投票站，

and the results in this new range

這個新選區的結果

are just the same as they were in the old ranges. 文法

和舊選區的結果一模一樣。

So nothing seems better,

所以似乎並沒有改善，

but with STV to figure out the winners

但用STV來計算獲勝者時，

take the total votes and divide them by the number of representatives needed,

會把總票數除以需要的代表人數，

in this case three,

在這個例子中是三，

which gives 33% as the amount a candidate needs to win.

得出候選人獲勝所需的票數比例是33%。

So all three candidates go to the council,

因此，這三位候選人都進入了委員會，

which accurately represents the citizens in the range.

這準確地代表了該選區的公民。

Whereas under the old system, 表達脈絡

而在舊制度下，

each individual range would have sent a monkey,

每個單獨的選區都會派出的一隻猴子，

leaving two-thirds of the citizens without representation. 文法

導致三分之二的公民沒有代表。

A bigger range with multiple winners

擁有多個獲勝者的更大選區

allows the results to be more proportional.

使得結果更加成比例。

This test turned out well, 片語動詞

這次測試結果很好，

but it was also as simple as could be. 文法

但它也是最簡單的情況。

Now Queen Lion wants to see what happens in a race where not everybody is a winner.

現在獅子女王想看看在不是每個人都能獲勝的競爭中會發生什麼。

The next big range she tests has five candidates running for office: 片語搭配

她測試的下一個大選區有五名候選人參選：

gorilla, tarsier, monkey,

大猩猩、眼鏡猴、猴子、

tiger, and lynx,

老虎和猞猁，

three of which can be representatives.

其中三人可以成為代表。

Election day comes and goes 慣用語

選舉日按期舉行，

and here are the results of the citizens' first choices.

以下是公民第一選擇的結果。

Tarsier gets 5%, gorilla gets 28%,

眼鏡猴獲得5%，大猩猩獲得28%，

monkey gets 33% tiger gets 21%

猴子獲得33%，老虎獲得21%，

and lynx gets 13%

猞猁獲得13%。

As before,

和以前一樣，

a candidate needs 33% to win.

候選人需要33%的選票才能獲勝。

Monkey has that

猴子達到了這個比例，

and so is immediately selected as one of the three representatives.

於是立即被選為三名代表之一。

But no one else reached the winning 33%,

但其他人都沒達到33%的勝出線，

so how are the other two representatives selected?

那麼另外兩名代表是怎麼選出來的呢？

Step one,

第一步，

get rid of the biggest loser. 片語動詞

淘汰得票最少的輸家。

Sorry,

抱歉，

tarsier,

眼鏡猴，

you really had no chance at all. 片語搭配

你真的毫無勝算。

When the citizens voted,

當公民投票時，

they could have just put an X next to the candidate they liked best. 講解

他們原本只需在自己最喜歡的候選人旁邊畫個叉。

But with STV,

但在STV制度下，

they can also rank their favorite candidates. 用詞

他們還可以為自己最喜歡的候選人排序。

This is important

這很重要，

because it shows how the election would have turned out 文法

因為這顯示了如果其中一位候選人沒有參選，

if one of the candidates hadn't run.

選舉結果會是怎樣。

Tiny and worried tarsiers

弱小而憂慮的眼鏡猴們，

would have voted for the big calm gorilla

會把票投給高大穩重的大猩猩，

without tarsier in the race.

如果眼鏡猴沒有參選的話。

So if their candidate can't win,

所以如果他們的候選人不能贏，

they want their votes to go to the gorilla instead.

他們希望自己的選票轉給大猩猩。

This pushes gorilla up to 33% 片語動詞

這把大猩猩的票數推高到了33%，

and he becomes the next representative.

於是他成為了下一位代表。

Ranking allows citizens to support their favorite candidate without worrying.

排序讓公民能夠毫無顧慮地支持他們最喜歡的候選人。

There's no point in strategizing 文法

沒有必要去揣測

about how everyone else is going to vote.

其他人會怎麼投票。

The system works

這個制度的運作機制

to maximize voter happiness with the result.

就是最大化選民對結果的滿意度。

Now back to the range. 表達脈絡

現在回到選區的情況。

There's still one representative to select,

還有一名代表需要選出，

so the next biggest loser is lynx.

所以下一個得票最少的輸家是猞猁。

His voters don't like simians,

他的選民不喜歡猿猴，

but they do think tiger's interests are similar to theirs.

但他們認為老虎的利益與他們相似。

And so if lynx can't

所以如果猞猁不能

win, they want tiger to get their votes.

獲勝，他們希望老虎獲得他們的選票。

He reaches 33%

老虎的票數達到了33%，

and becomes the third and final representative.

並成為了第三名也是最後一名代表。

The election results look pretty good,

選舉結果看起來相當不錯，

especially considering the citizens' first and second choices.

尤其是考慮到公民的第一和第二選擇。

Now more citizens also have a local representative they can feel comfortable approaching. 片語搭配

現在更多的公民也擁有了一個他們覺得可以輕鬆接觸的當地代表。

Whereas using the old system,

而在使用舊制度時，

everybody gets a monkey.

每個人得到的都是猴子。

Lastly,

最後，

Queen Lion wants to know what happens in a range with just two political parties.

獅子女王想知道在只有兩個政黨的選區會發生什麼。

Under the most votes win system,

在多數票獲勝的制度下，

multiple candidates from the same party would be a disaster.

同一個政黨有多名候選人參選將會是一場災難。

They'd split their voters and hand the win to their opposition. 慣用語

他們會分散選票，把勝利拱手讓給反對派。

Queen Lion makes one last test range

獅子女王設立了最後一個測試選區，

with two-thirds tigers and one-third gorillas.

裡面有三分之二的老虎和三分之一的大猩猩。

That's,

那個選區，

as before,

和以前一樣，

needs three representatives.

需要三名代表。

Because citizens rank their candidates under STV,

因為在STV制度下公民會對候選人進行排序，

there can be more than one candidate from the same party running at the same time

所以即使同一個政黨有多名候選人同時參選，

without any problems.

也不會有任何問題。

The tigers run two candidates,

老虎派出了兩名候選人，

as do the gorillas. 文法

大猩猩也是如此。

On election day,

在選舉日，

White Tiger gets a massive amount of first choice votes,

白虎獲得了大量的第一選擇選票，

probably because he's so cool.

可能是因為他太酷了。

Meanwhile,

與此同時，

the gorillas are split between their new guy

大猩猩的選票分散在他們的新人

and the old silverback.

和年長的銀背大猩猩之間。

White Tiger is selected as the first representative,

白虎當選為第一位代表，

but what happens next?

但接下來會發生什麼呢？

While tiger is the biggest loser

雖然另一隻老虎是得票最少的輸家，

and it seems like he should be eliminated, 文法

看起來他應該被淘汰，

it's also obvious that he would have gotten way more votes 文法

但很明顯他本可以獲得更多的選票，

if White Tiger wasn't in the race.

如果白虎沒有參選的話。

If a candidate has more votes than they need, 文法

如果一個候選人獲得了比他需要的更多的選票，

like White Tiger does,

就像白虎這樣，

the first step is to give the extra votes to their second choice. 表達脈絡

第一步就是把多餘的選票給他們的第二選擇。

This gets tiger to 33%

這讓這隻老虎的票數達到了33%，

and he becomes the next representative.

他成了下一位代表。

If that seems strange, 表達脈絡

如果這看起來很奇怪，

there are two things to consider.

有兩點需要考慮。

If instead the extra votes were ignored and tiger eliminated, 文法

如果多餘的選票被忽略且老虎被淘汰，

then the gorillas would get the remaining two wins,

那麼大猩猩將贏得剩下的兩個席位，

which would obviously not be representing the range very well.

這顯然不能很好地代表這個選區。

And ignoring extra votes punishes citizens who back popular candidates, 用詞

而且忽略多餘的選票會懲罰支持受歡迎候選人的公民，

which gets us back to the problem 表達脈絡

這又讓我們回到了那個問題：

where voters start thinking about how everyone else will vote

選民開始考慮別人會怎麼投票，

rather than what they really want.

而不是他們自己真正想要什麼。

If a candidate is able to get more votes than they really need,

如果一個候選人能獲得比他實際需要更多的選票，

then it also means those who support him are a big section of the population 文法

這也意味著支持他的人在人口中占很大比例，

and thus fairly should get more representation.

因此理應獲得更多的代表權。

Right.

沒錯。

After the extra votes go to tiger,

在多餘的選票轉移給老虎之後，

the election finishes as before.

選舉像以前一樣結束了。

Silverback came in last, 片語動詞

銀背大猩猩墊底，

is eliminated,

被淘汰了，

and his voters' second choice is the younger candidate,

而他的選民的第二選擇是更年輕的候選人，

so gorilla gets in. 片語動詞

所以年輕大猩猩入選了。

And the results look fair.

結果看起來很公平。

Queen Lion has seen STV work.

獅子女王看到了STV的成效。

Whether a range has one party or lots of parties, 文法

無論一個選區是一個政黨還是許多政黨，

the process is still always the same.

流程始終都是一樣的。

First,

首先，

citizens rank their favorite candidates.

公民對他們最喜歡的候選人進行排序。

Second,

其次，

any candidate above the threshold wins immediately. 用詞

任何超過門檻的候選人立即獲勝。

Extra votes then go to their next choice.

多餘的選票然後轉移到他們的下一個選擇。

If there's no winner,

如果沒有贏家，

the last place is eliminated

最後一名被淘汰，

and the votes go to their next choice.

選票轉移到他們的下一個選擇。

Repeat until all the winners are found.

重複這個過程，直到所有的贏家都產生。

This whole process is designed 片語搭配

整個過程的設計

to maximize the number of citizens

是為了最大化

who are happy with the results.

對結果感到滿意的公民人數。

And it gives STV many advantages

它賦予了STV許多優勢，

over the old most votes win system.

勝過舊的多數票獲勝制度。

Citizens can honestly vote for their favorite candidate

公民可以誠實地把票投給他們最喜歡的候選人，

without worrying about what everyone else is going to do. 文法

而不必擔心其他人會怎麼做。

It's more proportional,

它更符合比例代表制，

so monkeying with the borders matters less, 慣用語

因此在邊界上做手腳就不那麼重要了，

and almost all citizens will have a local representative 文法

幾乎所有的公民都會有一個當地代表，

they actually voted for.

一個他們真正投票支持的代表。

In the end, 表達脈絡

最終，

Queen Lion decides to switch the council's elections to single transferable vote 文化背景

獅子女王決定把委員會的選舉改為單一可讓渡投票制，

to make a better Jungle Council for all.

為所有人建立一個更好的叢林委員會。