心理治療 - 西格蒙德·佛洛伊德：英語精讀講義

This is a thinker,

這是一位思想家，

who helps us understand why our lives and relationships

他幫助我們理解為什麼我們的生活和人際關係

are full of so much confusion and pain.

充滿了如此多的困惑和痛苦。

He tells us why life is hard and how to cope.

他告訴我們為什麼生活如此艱難以及如何應對。

His own life incurred a lot of anxieties.

他自己的生活也充滿了許多焦慮。

Sigmund Schlomo Freud was born to a middle-class Jewish family in 1856.

西格蒙德·施洛莫·佛洛伊德於1856年出生於一個中產階級猶太家庭。

His professional life was not an immediate success.

他的職業生涯並非一蹴而就。

As a medical student,

作為一名醫學生，

he dissected hundreds of eels

他解剖了數百條鰻魚，

in an unsuccessful attempt to locate their reproductive organs. 片語搭配

試圖找到牠們的生殖器官，但未獲成功。

He promoted cocaine as a medical drug,

他曾推廣古柯鹼作為醫用藥物，

but it turned out to be a dangerous and addictive idea. 片語動詞

但這後來被證明是一個危險且容易讓人上癮的想法。

A few years later,

幾年後，

he founded the discipline that would ultimately make his name. 慣用語

他創立了一門最終讓他名聲大噪的學科。

A new psychological medicine he called psychoanalysis.

他稱這種新的心理醫學為「精神分析」。

The landmark study was his 1900 book The Interpretation of Dreams.

這項具有里程碑意義的研究就是他在1900年出版的《夢的解析》。

Many others followed.

之後他又出版了許多著作。

Despite his success,

儘管取得了成功，

he was often unhappy.

他卻經常感到不快樂。

During some particularly strenuous research,

在進行一項特別艱苦的研究時，

he recorded,

他記錄道：

"The chief patient I am preoccupied with is myself." 片語搭配

「我最主要關注的病人就是我自己。」

He was convinced he would die between 61 and 62

他深信自己會在61到62歲之間死去，

and had great phobias about those numbers,

並對這兩個數字有極大的恐懼，

although he actually died much later at the age of 83.

儘管他實際上直到83歲才去世。

Perhaps because of his frustrations,

也許正是因為他的這些挫折，

Freud achieved a series of deep insights into the sources of human unhappiness. 片語搭配

佛洛伊德對人類不快樂的根源產生了一系列深刻的見解。

He proposed that we are all driven by the pleasure principle,

他提出我們都被「快樂原則」所驅使，

which inclines us towards easy physical and emotional rewards 片語搭配

這使我們傾向於追求輕鬆的身體和情感上的滿足，

and away from unpleasant things like drudgery and discipline.

而逃避像苦差事和紀律這樣令人不快的事情。

As infants,

在嬰兒時期，

we are guided more or less solely according to the pleasure principle,

我們或多或少都完全受快樂原則的引導，

Freud argued.

佛洛伊德認為。

But it will,

但如果，

if adhered to without constraints, 文法

毫無約束地堅持這一原則，

lead us to dangerous reckless things

就會導致我們做出危險而魯莽的事情，

like never doing any work or eating too much or, most notoriously,

比如從不工作、暴飲暴食，或者最臭名昭著的，

trying to sleep with members of our own family.

試圖與我們自己的家庭成員發生性關係。

We need to adjust to what Freud called the reality principle.

我們需要適應佛洛伊德所謂的「現實原則」。

Though we all have to bow to this reality principle, 慣用語

雖然我們都必須向這個現實原則低頭，

Freud believed that there were better or worse kinds of adaptations.

但佛洛伊德認為，這種適應有好有壞。

He called the troublesome ones neuroses.

他把那些麻煩的適應稱為「神經症」。

Neuroses are the result of faulty negotiations with,

神經症是錯誤妥協的結果，

or, in Freud's language, 表達脈絡

或者用佛洛伊德的話說，

repression of the pleasure principle.

是對快樂原則的壓抑。

Freud described a conflict between three parts of our minds,

佛洛伊德描述了我們頭腦中三個部分之間的衝突，

the id, driven by the pleasure principle,

受快樂原則驅使的「本我」，

and the superego,

以及「超我」，

driven by a desire to follow the rules

它受到遵守規則的渴望的驅使，

and do the right thing according to society,

並根據社會要求做正確的事，

and the ego,

還有「自我」，

which has to somehow accommodate between the other two.

它必須以某種方式在另外兩者之間進行調和。

To understand more about these dynamics,

為了進一步了解這些動態，

Freud urged us to think back to the origins of our neuroses in childhood. 片語動詞

佛洛伊德敦促我們回想童年時期神經症的根源。

As we grow up,

在成長的過程中，

we go through what Freud termed the oral phase,

我們會經歷佛洛伊德所謂的「口欲期」，

where we deal with all the feelings around ingestion and eating.

在這個階段，我們處理圍繞攝食和吃東西的所有感受。

If our parents aren't careful,

如果我們的父母不小心，

we might pick up all kinds of neuroses here. 片語動詞

我們可能會在這裡沾染上各種神經症。

We might take pleasure in refusing food

我們可能會從拒絕食物中獲得快感，

or turn to food to calm ourselves down 片語動詞

或者轉而用食物來安撫自己，

or hate the idea of depending on anyone else for food.

或者討厭依賴別人獲取食物的想法。

Then comes the anal phase,

接著是「肛欲期」，

which is closely aligned with what we now call potty training. 片語搭配

這與我們現在所說的如廁訓練密切相關。

During this period,

在這個時期，

our parents tell us what to do and when to go.

我們的父母告訴我們該做什麼以及什麼時候去洗手間。

At this phase,

在這個階段，

we begin to learn about testing the limits of authority. 片語搭配

我們開始學習試探權威的底線。

Again,

同樣，

if things go wrong here,

如果這個階段出了問題，

if we don't feel that authority is benign enough,

如果我們覺得權威不夠寬容，

we might, for example,

我們可能會，例如，

choose to withhold,

出於挑釁，

out of defiance. 片語搭配

選擇憋著不排泄。

Then, as adults,

那麼，在成年後，

we might become anally retentive, 用詞

我們可能會變得具有「肛門滯留型」人格，

in other words, 表達脈絡

換言之，

not able to give or to surrender.

就是無法付出或屈服。

Next comes the phallic phase,

接下來是「性器期」，

which goes on until about the age of six.

這個階段一直持續到大約六歲。

Freud shocked his contemporaries by insisting that little children have sexual feelings. 文法

佛洛伊德堅持認為小孩子也有性衝動，這震驚了他的同時代人。

Moreover,

此外，

in the phallic phase,

在性器期，

children direct their sexual impulses towards their parents,

孩子們會將他們的性衝動指向父母，

the most immediately available and gratifying people around.

因為他們是最容易接觸到並能帶來滿足感的人。

Freud famously described what he called the Oedipus complex, 文化背景

佛洛伊德著名的描述了他所謂的「伊底帕斯情結」，

where we are unconsciously predisposed towards being in love with the one 片語搭配

即我們會潛意識地傾向於愛上其中一個

parent and hating the other.

父母，並憎恨另一個。

What is complex is that no matter how much our parents love us, 文法

複雜的是，無論父母多麼愛我們，

they cannot extend this to sexual life

他們都無法將這種愛延伸到性生活上，

and will always have to have another life with a partner.

並且總是不得不和伴侶過著另一種生活。

This makes our young selves feel dangerously jealous and angry

這讓我們年幼的自己感到危險的嫉妒和憤怒，

and also ashamed and guilty about this anger.

同時也對這種憤怒感到羞恥和內疚。

The complex provides a huge amount of internalized worry for a small child.

這種情結給小孩子帶來了巨大的內化擔憂。

Ultimately,

最終，

most of us experience some form of confusion around our parents

我們大多數人都會在父母身上經歷某種形式的困惑，

that later ties into our ideas of love. 片語動詞

這種困惑後來與我們的愛情觀聯繫在一起。

Mom and Dad may both give us love,

爸爸媽媽可能都給了我們愛，

but they often mix it in with disturbed behavior.

但他們往往將愛與不正常的行為混合在一起。

Yet, because we love them,

然而，因為我們愛他們，

we remain loyal to them and also to their bizarre destructive patterns.

我們依然忠誠於他們，同時也忠於他們古怪且具有破壞性的行為模式。

For example,

例如，

if our mother is cold,

如果我們的母親冷漠，

we will be apt nevertheless to long for her,

我們仍然可能會渴望她，

and as a result,

結果是，

however,

然而，

we may be prone to always associate love with a certain distance. 片語搭配

我們可能會傾向於總是將愛與一定的距離感聯繫起來。

Naturally,

自然而然地，

the result is very difficult adult relationships.

其結果是導致成年後非常艱難的人際關係。

Often,

通常，

the kind of love we've learned from Mom and Dad

我們從父母那裡學到的那種愛

means we can't fuse sex and love

意味著我們無法將性和愛融合在一起，

because the people we learned about love from

因為那些教會我們愛的人

are also those we were blocked from having sex with.

也是那些我們被禁止與之發生性關係的人。

We might find that the more in love with someone we are, 文法

我們可能會發現，我們越愛一個人，

the harder it becomes to make love to them.

就越難與他們做愛。

This can reach a pitch of crisis after a few years of marriage and some kids.

這在結婚幾年並有了幾個孩子之後可能會達到危機的頂點。

Freud compared the issues we so often have with intimacy 表達脈絡

佛洛伊德將我們經常遇到的親密關係問題

to hedgehogs in the winter.

比作冬天的刺蝟。

They need to cuddle for warmth,

牠們需要擁抱取暖，

but they also can't come too close because they're prickly.

但又不能靠得太近，因為牠們身上有刺。

There's no easy solution.

這沒有簡單的解決辦法。

Freud says we can't make ourselves fully rational

佛洛伊德說，我們無法讓自己變得完全理性，

and we can't change society either.

我們也無法改變社會。

In his 1930 book Civilization and Its Discontents, 文化背景

在他1930年出版的《文明及其不滿》一書中，

Freud wrote that society provides us with many things,

佛洛伊德寫道，社會為我們提供了許多東西，

but it does this by imposing heavy dictates upon us,

但它是通過將沈重的指令強加於我們來實現的，

insisting that we sleep with only a few,

堅持要求我們只能與少數人，

usually one other person,

通常是另一個人睡覺，

imposing the incest taboo,

強加亂倫禁忌，

requiring us to put off all our immediate desires, 片語動詞

要求我們推遲所有眼前的慾望，

demanding that we follow authority and work to make money.

要求我們服從權威並努力賺錢。

Societies themselves are neurotic.

社會本身就是神經質的。

That is how they function 表達脈絡

那就是它們的運作方式，

and that's why there are constant wars and other political troubles.

這也是為什麼會有持續不斷的戰爭和其他政治動盪的原因。

Freud attempted to invent a treatment for our many neuroses.

佛洛伊德試圖為我們眾多的神經症發明一種治療方法。

He called it psychoanalysis.

他稱之為精神分析。

He thought that with a little proper analysis,

他認為，通過稍微恰當的分析，

people could uncover what ails them 用詞

人們可以發現自己的病因，

and better adjust to the difficulties of reality.

更好地適應現實的困難。

In his sessions,

在他的診療中，

he analyzed a number of key things.

他分析了一些關鍵的事情。

He looked at people's dreams,

他研究人們的夢，

which he saw as expressions of wish fulfillments.

他將其視為願望實現的表達。

He also looked at parapraxes,

他還研究了動作失誤，

or slips of the tongue.

或者口誤。

We now call these revealing mistakes Freudian slips, 文化背景

我們現在把這些具有揭示意義的錯誤稱為「佛洛伊德式錯誤」，

like when we write thigh when we wanted to write though.

比如當我們想寫「though」時，卻寫成了「thigh」。

He also liked to think about jokes.

他還喜歡思考笑話。

He believed that jokes often help us make fun of something symbolic like death or marriage 慣用語

他認為笑話往往能幫助我們拿像死亡或婚姻這樣具有象徵意義的事物開玩笑，

and thus relieve some of our anxiety about these topics. 片語搭配

從而緩解我們對這些話題的一些焦慮。

There's a temptation to say that Freud just made everything up 講解

人們很容易會說，佛洛伊德只是在胡編亂造，

and life isn't quite so hard as he makes it out to be. 片語動詞

生活並沒有他說的那麼艱難。

But then one morning we find ourselves filled with inexplicable anger towards our partner

但是，某天早晨，我們發現自己對伴侶充滿了莫名其妙的憤怒，

or running high with unrelenting anxiety on the train to work

或者在上班的火車上充滿了揮之不去的焦慮，

and we're reminded all over again

這再次提醒了我們，

just how elusive, difficult, and Freudian our mental workings actually are. 文法

我們的心理活動實際上是多麼難以捉摸、多麼複雜、多麼「佛洛伊德」。

We could still reject his work, of course,

當然，我們仍然可以拒絕他的作品，

but as Freud said,

但正如佛洛伊德所說，

"No one who disdains the key will ever be able to unlock the door." 慣用語

「那些鄙視鑰匙的人永遠無法打開那扇門。」

We could all use a bit more of Freud's ideas 片語搭配

我們都可以多借鑒一些佛洛伊德的思想，

to help us unpick ourselves. 慣用語

來幫助我們解開自己的心結。