慢動作下的蜻蜓翅膀 - 每天變聰明一點點 91：英語精讀講義

Today we're going to try to figure out how wagon... wagon?

今天我們要試著弄清楚「wagon」……wagon？

Today we're going to try to figure out how dragonfly wings work. 片語動詞

今天我們要試著弄清楚蜻蜓的翅膀是如何運作的。

So, Phil has a dragonfly that I caught last night on our night walk.

所以，Phil 手裡有一隻我昨晚夜間散步時抓到的蜻蜓。

And we have a high speed camera and we are set up with a macro lens. 片語動詞

我們有一台高速攝影機，並且安裝了微距鏡頭。

So, you try to collect that exact spot.

好的，你盡量對準那個確切的位置。

So, tell me when to trigger.

好了，告訴我什麼時候按下快門。

Let's go.

開始吧。

You got it?

拍到了嗎？

Holy cow. 慣用語

我的天啊。

Oh man.

喔，天哪。

Yeah?

是嗎？

We got it.

我們拍到了。

Awesome.

太棒了。

All right, so you have one of your entomology books here?

好了，所以你帶了一本你的昆蟲學書籍？

You know it. 語氣意圖

你懂的。

Which book is this?

這是哪本書？

Borror and DeLong's intro to the study of insects.

《Borror 和 DeLong 昆蟲學研究導論》。

This is a classic entomology book.

這是一本經典的昆蟲學書籍。

So, with these guys the muscles are actually pulling directly on the base of the wing.

對於這些小傢伙，肌肉實際上是直接拉扯翅膀底部的。

So, it's a direct flight mechanism.

所以，這是一種直接飛行機制。

Um so, what's an indirect flight mechanism?

那麼，什麼是間接飛行機制呢？

Indirect flight mechanism,

間接飛行機制，

it actually just pulls on the body wall of the thorax

它其實只是拉扯胸部的體壁，

and the collapse or expansion causes the wings to then move. 文法

體壁的收縮或擴張促使翅膀運動。

So, we're going to go from the rainforest to a rainy day in my hometown. 表達脈絡

現在，我們將從熱帶雨林去往我老家的一個雨天。

Now, we have all different kinds of art projects here

現在，我們這裡有各種不同的藝術專案，

and the one I really want to show you is the dragonfly project.

而我真正想給你們看的是蜻蜓專案。

What they've done is they've given metal dragonflies to all the different organizations in the town

他們做的是將金屬蜻蜓分發給鎮上的各個不同組織，

and they let them paint them however they want. 文法

並且讓他們隨心所欲地在上面作畫。

What I think is cool about the dragonfly 文法

我覺得關於蜻蜓很酷的一點是，

is that the wing attaches to the body in a completely different way than most insects.

它翅膀連接身體的方式與大多數昆蟲完全不同。

To explain this,

為了解釋這一點，

I've decided to become a dragonfly muscle.

我決定扮演一塊蜻蜓肌肉。

This is a wasp.

這是一個黃蜂。

To see how normal insects operate their wings,

為了看看普通昆蟲是如何控制翅膀的，

we need to cut the thorax in half so 文法

我們需要將牠的胸部切成兩半，這樣

we can see the muscles operating on the inside.

我們就可以看到裡面肌肉的運作情況。

Uh it's uglier than I thought. 文法

呃，比我想像的要噁心。

Anyway, 表達脈絡

無論如何，

the wings of most flying bugs use this method,

大多數飛行昆蟲的翅膀都使用這種方法，

which is called indirect musculature. 用詞

這被稱為間接肌肉系統。

The muscles pull on the body wall of the thorax instead of on the wing itself.

肌肉拉扯的是胸部的體壁，而不是翅膀本身。

The shell then pushes on the wing,

外殼隨後擠壓翅膀，

which seesaws on a pivot point and moves up and down. 用詞

翅膀就像蹺蹺板一樣在支點上起伏。

The problem is muscles pull, 表達脈絡

問題在於，肌肉是用來拉的，

they don't push.

它們不能推。

So, how does the wing return?

那麼，翅膀是如何復位的呢？

If you were to imagine that the thorax was shaped like a football, 文法

如果你把胸部想像成一個橄欖球的形狀，

the big muscles would be squishing the ball in on the middle.

大肌肉會在中間把球向內擠壓。

When you turn it on its side, 片語搭配

當你把它翻轉過來，

you can see that this little muscle runs the length of the football and pulls in longways from the inside. 片語搭配

你可以看到這塊小肌肉貫穿橄欖球的長度，並從內部縱向拉扯。

This makes the middle bulge back out, 文法

這使得中間重新凸起，

which moves the wing down.

從而將翅膀向下移動。

Dragonflies, however, operate differently. 表達脈絡

然而，蜻蜓的運作方式與此不同。

When we look inside a dragonfly,

當我們觀察蜻蜓的內部時，

we can see that they have what's called direct musculature. 用詞

我們可以看到牠們擁有所謂的直接肌肉系統。

Their muscles pull directly on the wings

牠們的肌肉直接拉扯翅膀，

and are able to operate each wing independently in both directions.

並且能夠獨立地向兩個方向操作每個翅膀。

This is a big deal 慣用語

這意義重大，

and this is why they completely dominate the insect flying world. 表達脈絡

這也是為什麼牠們完全稱霸了昆蟲飛行世界。

If you look back at the high speed in those little cracks, 片語動詞

如果你回看那些微小縫隙裡的高速畫面，

you can see muscles wiggling and pulling directly on the wings.

你可以看到肌肉在蠕動，直接拉扯著翅膀。

That's pretty awesome, huh?

這非常震撼，對吧？

So, they're saying many Odonata, which are dragonflies,

所以，他們說許多蜻蜓目，也就是蜻蜓，

the front and hind wings move independently.

牠們的前翅和後翅是獨立運動的。

There is a phase difference in the movements of the two pairs. 用詞

這兩對翅膀的運動存在相位差。

That is, when one pair is moving up, 講解

也就是說，當一對翅膀向上運動時，

the other pair is moving down.

另一對翅膀則在向下運動。

Okay, Dr. Jim Usherwood in the UK and his colleagues discovered that

好的，英國的 Jim Usherwood 博士和他的同事們發現，

because dragonflies have two sets of wings,

因為蜻蜓有兩對翅膀，

for the most part they're inefficient, 片語搭配

牠們在大部分時間裡效率並不高，

more inefficient than just normal insect flight with two wings.

甚至比只有一對翅膀的普通昆蟲飛行還要低效。

They made a robot with two pairs of wings

他們製作了一個帶有兩對翅膀的機器人，

and they would vary the timing between the two 文法

並改變兩者之間的時間差，

and they found that at a certain timing

結果發現在特定的時間差下，

they could get 20% more efficiency than they could with just two wings. 文法

牠們的效率能比僅有兩隻翅膀時高出 20%。

Dragonfly wings have something on them called the pterostigma, 用詞

蜻蜓翅膀上一種叫做「翅痣」的東西，

which is Latin for wing mark.

這是拉丁語中「翅膀印記」的意思。

You may have seen them before.

你可能以前見過它們。

This is a dark cell on the leading edge of the wing 用詞

這是翅膀前緣的一個深色細胞，

that's heavier than the rest of the wing.

它比翅膀的其他部分要重。

At a certain velocity,

在特定的速度下，

thin wings begin to automatically vibrate,

纖薄的翅膀會自動開始振動，

which makes it impossible to glide quickly. 文法

這使得牠們無法進行快速滑翔。

With the added weight at this particular spot on the wing, 文法

由於翅膀上這個特定位置增加了重量，

these vibrations don't start till a much higher air speed,

這些振動要等到空氣流速高得多時才會開始，

which means dragonflies can now move much faster. 表達脈絡

這意味著蜻蜓現在可以飛得快得多。

Turns out it's a complex aerodynamic structure built right into the design of the wing to help them glide. 講解

事實證明，這是一個複雜的空氣動力學結構，直接融入了翅膀的設計中以幫助牠們滑翔。

Every time I see a dragonfly, 文法

每次我看到蜻蜓，

I always try to spot that spot.

我總是試圖去尋找那個斑點。

Wait a second.

等一下。

Have you ever seen a dragonfly glide? 文法

你見過蜻蜓滑翔嗎？

Okay, in this last video,

好的，在最後這段影片中，

you can see that we're in a canoe and we have a Phantom Miro high speed camera

你可以看到我們在獨木舟上，拿著一台 Phantom Miro 高速攝影機，

and we're trying to capture these dragonflies as they lift up off the grass. 片語動詞

我們試圖捕捉這些蜻蜓從草叢中起飛的瞬間。

Now, the cool thing about it is

酷就酷在，

you can see that he uses his wings to hover,

你可以看到牠不僅用翅膀懸停，

but he also uses them as a way of gliding. 片語搭配

還會把它當成滑翔的工具。

It's incredible

真是不可思議，

because you can see him feather the front wing 用詞

因為你可以看到牠調整前翅的傾角，

and allow it to glide the air over the second wing.

引導氣流滑過第二對翅膀來進行滑翔。

I've never seen anything like this.

我以前從未見過這樣的畫面。

Check it out. 片語動詞

看看吧。

So, I hope you learned something along with us about dragonfly flight.

所以，希望你和我們一起學到了一些關於蜻蜓飛行的知識。

If you've liked us, subscribe to Smarter Every Day.

如果你喜歡我們，請訂閱 Smarter Every Day。

please quick click the flying dragonfly here

請快速點擊這裡這隻正在飛行的蜻蜓，

that my kids are propelling for you and uh you'll subscribe.

這是我孩子們為你們展示的，呃，點擊你就能訂閱了。

I'm Destin.

我是 Destin。

You're getting smarter every day.

你正在每天變聰明一點。

Have a good one. 慣用語

祝你有美好的一天。

What happened to your tooth?

你的牙齒怎麼了？

Dad yanked it out and bought it for $10 片語動詞

爸爸把它拔了下來，花 10 美元買走了，

and made me shake for it back.

還要我跟他握手才能拿回來。

Don't tell him what I paid for it.

別告訴他我花了多少錢。

Stop.

停。

Stop.

停。

Okay, in this last

好的，在最後這

There's a train.

有輛火車。

It's loud everywhere here.

這裡到處都很吵。

Okay, in this last video,

好的，在最後這段影片中，

we've got the Miro high speed camera in the canoe

我們把 Miro 高速攝影機放在了獨木舟上，

and we're looking at a dragonfly

我們在觀察一隻蜻蜓，

and we get to see it lift up off a piece of grass.

並且能看到牠從一根草上起飛。

Dripping snot.

流鼻涕了。

Man, waiting on dragonflies is kind of boring. 講解

哎，等蜻蜓真是有點無聊。

You need to get

你需要去