1970年代：在金星上生存：英語精讀講義

This is Venera 4,

這是金星4號，

a Soviet space probe moments away from attempting the first landing on another planet,

一個即將嘗試在另一顆行星上進行首次著陸的蘇聯太空探測器，

Venus.

那就是金星。

At the time,

在當時，

very little was known about this mysterious planet,

人們對這顆神秘的行星知之甚少，

but scientists believed that under its thick layer of cloud was a world not too different from Earth

但科學家們認為，在它厚厚的雲層之下，是一個與地球相差無幾的世界，

with a similar 1 bar atmosphere and Earth-like temperatures.

有著類似地球的1巴大氣壓和溫度。

But little did they know what kind of world this poor little space probe was about to enter. 文法

但他們根本不知道這個可憐的小探測器即將進入一個怎樣的世界。

As it hit the atmosphere at 40,000 km per hour,

當它以每小時4萬公里的速度衝入大氣層時，

its parachute deployed and the antenna started sending back data. 片語動詞

它的降落傘展開了，天線開始傳回數據。

At first,

起初，

the atmospheric pressure was similar to Earth's and the temperature was around 30 degrees.

大氣壓與地球相似，溫度約為30度。

But as it descended further into the atmosphere,

但隨著它進一步深入大氣層，

the readings started to go crazy. 慣用語

讀數開始變得瘋狂起來。

1 atmosphere quickly became 10,

1個大氣壓迅速變成了10個，

10 became 20,

10個變成了20個，

and the temperature was well over 200 degrees when suddenly

溫度遠超200度，突然

the space probe cracked open and all communication was lost.

太空探測器破裂，所有通訊中斷。

The last bit of data it sent back revealed an atmosphere that was 22 times thicker and 250 degrees hotter than Earth.

它傳回的最後一點數據表明，那裡的大氣層比地球厚22倍，溫度高出250度。

But now that the Soviets knew just how harsh Venus really was, 文法

但既然蘇聯人已經知道了金星的真實環境有多麼惡劣，

they were even more determined to get there.

他們就更加堅定地要到達那裡。

We modeled these incredible space probes to show you how the Soviets finally managed to land,

我們對這些令人驚嘆的太空探測器進行了建模，向大家展示蘇聯人最終是如何成功著陸、

take pictures,

拍攝照片，

and record audio on the surface of our most dangerous planet.

並在我們這個最危險的行星表面記錄聲音的。

The early space probes had a relatively simple design.

早期的太空探測器設計相對簡單。

The lander was a 1 m wide titanium sphere pressurized inside to around 25 atmospheres.

著陸器是一個1公尺寬的鈦合金球體，內部加壓至約25個大氣壓。

It had a handful of scientific instruments to analyze the atmosphere and a battery to power it during descent. 片語搭配

它裝有少數用於分析大氣的科學儀器，以及在降落過程中提供動力的電池。

The lander had no thrusters and instead used its own drag and a series of parachutes to bring it down to the ground. 片語動詞

著陸器沒有推進器，而是利用自身的阻力和一系列降落傘將其降落到地面。

But with Venus's thick atmosphere,

但面對金星厚厚的大氣層，

this turned out to be a problem. 片語搭配

這成了一個問題。

Instead of quickly falling through the atmosphere in a matter of minutes, 片語搭配

金星4號並沒有在幾分鐘內迅速穿過大氣層，

Venera 4 hit the atmosphere like a brick wall and quickly slowed down to just 18 km/h, 慣用語

而是像撞上了一堵磚牆一樣撞上了大氣層，並迅速減速至僅18公里/小時，

much slower than expected. 文法

比預期的要慢得多。

This meant that the spacecraft had to endure 90 minutes inside Venus's atmosphere,

這意味著太空船必須在金星大氣層中忍受90分鐘，

constantly being exposed to the heat and pressure until it was crushed. 片語搭配

持續暴露在高溫和高壓下，直到被壓碎。

The Soviets realized that once they entered Venus's atmosphere,

蘇聯人意識到，一旦進入金星大氣層，

time was limited.

時間就非常有限了。

And so,

因此，

they would have to pass through the atmosphere before it had time to crush or melt the lander. 文法

他們必須在著陸器被壓碎或熔化之前穿過大氣層。

And so the Soviets completely rethought their approach to Venus. 片語搭配

於是，蘇聯人完全重新構思了他們探索金星的方法。

They sent a fax to NASA asking for a special heat-resistant material,

他們給NASA發了一份傳真，請求提供一種特殊的耐熱材料，

but the fax never got through because NASA was using Incogni,

但這封傳真根本沒發過去，因為NASA使用了Incogni，

today's sponsor,

也就是今天的贊助商，

to block it.

攔截了它。

Just kidding,

開玩笑的，

Incogni wasn't around then.

當時Incogni還不存在。

But they are around today when we need them more than ever.

但今天他們在我們需要的時候隨時都在。

We all get calls from weird numbers and emails from websites we didn't sign up for.

我們都會接到奇怪號碼打來的電話，收到沒註冊過的網站發來的郵件。

But where do these companies get our information from?

但這些公司是從哪裡得到我們的資訊的呢？

Well,

嗯，

data brokers sell our information to marketing agencies who then bombard you with pointless emails and phone calls.

數據經紀人將我們的資訊賣給行銷機構，然後這些機構就會用毫無意義的電子郵件和電話轟炸你。

These companies have databases full of people's information,

這些公司的資料庫裝滿了人們的資訊，

which makes them a huge target for criminals to steal.

這使他們成為犯罪份子竊取數據的巨大目標。

The good thing is that you have the right to protect yourself.

好消息是你有權保護自己。

And so,

因此，

Incogni reaches out to all of these companies on your behalf 片語搭配

Incogni代表你主動聯繫所有這些公司，

and asks them to delete all information they have about you.

要求他們刪除關於你的所有資訊。

All you need to do is sign up, 文法

你只需要註冊，

sit back,

坐下來，

and watch Incogni do their work.

看Incogni發揮作用。

Since signing up with Incogni,

自從註冊了Incogni，

these are all the companies that can no longer send me spam.

這些就是所有再也不能給我發送垃圾郵件的公司。

To protect your personal information and get rid of spam in your life, 片語動詞

為了保護你的個人資訊並擺脫生活中的垃圾訊息，

visit incogni.com/primalspace and use the code primal space to get 60% off.

請造訪incogni.com/primalspace並使用代碼primal space享受60%的折扣。

In order to reach the surface of Venus before being destroyed,

為了在被摧毀前到達金星表面，

the Soviets redesigned the space probe to make it fall through the atmosphere more quickly. 文法

蘇聯人重新設計了太空探測器，使其能更快地穿過大氣層。

They added a cord to the parachute that would stop it from opening, 文法

他們在降落傘上增加了一根繩子，防止其打開，

allowing Venera to fall much faster. 文法

從而讓探測器墜落得更快。

It was made of a material that would melt at 200 degrees.

它由一種在200度時會熔化的材料製成。

And so,

因此，

the parachute wouldn't open until the probe was much closer to the surface.

直到探測器更加接近表面時，降落傘才會打開。

Since the pressure on the surface was still unknown,

由於表面的氣壓仍是未知的，

the engineers went overkill with Venera's protection. 用詞

工程師們對金星探測器的保護做到了極致。

The walls were two times thicker and the space probe could now withstand a pressure of 180 atmospheres. 片語搭配

外殼的厚度增加了一倍，太空探測器現在可以承受180個大氣壓的壓力。

The Soviets were ready to put Venera 7 through hell. 慣用語

蘇聯人準備讓金星7號經歷一番地獄般的考驗。

As it hit the atmosphere,

當它衝入大氣層時，

the lander slowed all the way down and deployed its parachute.

著陸器一路減速並展開了它的降落傘。

The cord did its thing and allowed the space probe to quickly fall through Venus's thick atmosphere. 慣用語

那根繩子發揮了作用，讓太空探測器能夠迅速穿過金星厚厚的大氣層。

The probe was now much closer to the surface than any of the previous missions,

現在，探測器比之前任何一次任務都更加接近表面，

until with just 3 km to go, 文法

直到距離表面僅剩3公里時，

the parachute tore itself apart and the probe started plummeting to the ground, 片語動詞

降落傘被撕裂，探測器開始垂直墜向地面，

slamming into the surface at 60 km/h.

以60公里/小時的速度砸在表面上。

The Soviets had another failure on their hands, 慣用語

蘇聯人手裡又多了一次失敗的任務，

or so they thought. 表達脈絡

至少他們是這麼認為的。

A few weeks later,

幾週後，

when reviewing the data, 文法

在審查數據時，

they noticed that a very weak signal had actually been transmitting for 23 minutes after the lander hit the surface. 文法

他們注意到著陸器撞擊表面後，實際上有一個非常微弱的訊號持續發送了23分鐘。

As it turned out, 表達脈絡

事實證明，

the lander actually survived,

著陸器居然倖存了下來，

but it had been knocked onto its side,

但它被撞翻側躺，

making the antenna's signal to Earth extremely weak. 文法

使得天線向地球發送的訊號極其微弱。

Incredibly,

令人難以置信的是，

the last bit of data it sent out showed that the temperature at the surface was a mind-boggling 500 degrees. 用詞

它傳回的最後一點數據顯示，表面的溫度是令人難以置信的500度。

Since temperature was now the main problem limiting their time on the surface,

由於溫度現在是限制它們在表面停留時間的主要問題，

the engineers came up with a genius but simple cooling solution for Venera 8. 片語動詞

工程師們為金星8號想出了一個絕妙卻簡單的冷卻方案。

Inside the space probe were blocks of lithium nitrate, 文法

太空探測器內部裝有硝酸鋰塊，

a salt-like substance,

這是一種類似鹽的物質，

which has a very high heat of fusion. 用詞

具有極高的熔化熱。

This is the amount of energy required to turn it from a solid into a liquid.

這是將其從固態轉變為液態所需的能量。

In order to heat this material up by 1 degree,

為了使這種材料的溫度升高1度，

it takes just under 2 joules of energy per gram. 片語搭配

每克只需不到2焦耳的能量。

But when it reaches its melting point,

但是當它達到熔點時，

crossing that boundary from a solid into a liquid takes almost 300 joules of energy.

跨越從固態到液態的邊界需要幾乎300焦耳的能量。

And so,

因此，

this change from a solid to a liquid absorbs a large amount of heat energy,

這種從固態到液態的轉變會吸收大量熱能，

which is effectively stored in the material.

這些熱能被有效地儲存在該材料中。

And so,

於是，

blocks were placed inside the lander to absorb heat and take it away from the electrical components. 片語動詞

著陸器內部被放置了這種塊狀物來吸收熱量，並將其帶離電氣組件。

This system worked extremely well and Venera 8 successfully made it to Venus and survived for an entire hour on the surface. 片語搭配

這套系統工作得極其出色，金星8號成功抵達金星，並在表面存活了整整一個小時。

The Soviets had now mastered the art of getting to Venus. 慣用語

蘇聯人現在已經掌握了到達金星的技術。

But the world still had no idea what this crazy world actually looked like. 文法

但世界仍然不知道這個瘋狂的世界實際上是什麼樣子的。

And so,

因此，

it was up to Venera 9 to take the first pictures of Venus. 片語搭配

拍攝金星第一張照片的重任就落在了金星9號身上。

The lander was completely redesigned once more.

著陸器再次被完全重新設計。

Instead of using parachutes for the final descent, 文法

金星9號沒有使用降落傘進行最終降落，

Venera 9 had a large air brake to slow it down and a set of landing legs to absorb the impact. 講解

而是配備了一個大型空氣減速板以減慢速度，以及一組著陸腿來吸收衝擊力。

But the most important feature on Venera 9 was the camera system.

但金星9號上最重要的功能是攝影機系統。

It had two movable cameras on either side of the lander 片語搭配

它在著陸器的兩側有兩個可移動的攝影機，

that could take a 360-degree panorama of the surrounding landscape.

可以拍攝周圍景觀的360度全景圖。

But designing a camera that could survive the intense pressure and temperature of Venus

但設計一個能挺過金星的高壓和高溫的攝影機，

was yet another challenge.

則是另一個挑戰。

The cameras were placed inside the lander's pressure vessel and two periscopes stuck out into the super thick pressure window. 用詞

攝影機被放置在著陸器的壓力艙內，兩個潛望鏡伸入超厚的耐壓窗中。

At the end of the periscope was a small lens that could rotate and scan the 180-degree view of the surface.

潛望鏡的末端是一個小鏡頭，可以旋轉並掃描表面的180度視野。

The light would travel down the periscope and through a lens that would correct the effect of the thick pressure window.

光線會順著潛望鏡往下傳，並穿過一個能校正厚重耐壓窗影響的透鏡。

Each of the two cameras had large lens caps that were designed to pop off once the probe had landed. 講解

兩個攝影機各有一個巨大的鏡頭蓋，設計為在探測器著陸後彈出。

On Venera 9,

在金星9號上，

only one of these worked.

這兩個中只有一個成功運作了。

This was the very first picture taken on Venus.

這就是在金星上拍攝的第一張照片。

On future missions,

在隨後的任務中，

the cameras were improved,

攝影機得到了改進，

eventually taking higher definition color images.

最終拍出了更高畫質的彩色影像。

On Venera 14,

在金星14號上，

a microphone was placed on board. 片語搭配

還搭載了一個麥克風。

The following is real audio of the probe landing on the surface and an instrument drilling into the surface.

以下是探測器在表面著陸以及儀器在表面鑽孔的真實音訊。

All in all, 表達脈絡

總而言之，

the Soviets landed on Venus eight times,

蘇聯人曾在金星著陸八次，

with each mission sending back incredible images and scientific data about this mysterious planet, 文法

每一次任務都傳回了關於這顆神秘行星令人驚嘆的影像和科學數據，

an achievement we're yet to repeat some 50 years later. 文法

這是我們在約50年後的今天仍未能重複的成就。

And now,

現在，

for the Primal Space giveaway.

是Primal Space的抽獎時間。

The winner of the previous giveaway is David.

上一次抽獎的得主是David。

Congrats.

恭喜。

In the next video,

在下支影片中，

we'll be giving away this custom Primal Space Venera poster to one lucky winner.

我們將把這張客製的Primal Space金星海報送給一位幸運的得主。

All you need to do is sign up at the link below,

你只需要在下方的連結註冊，

like the video,

給影片按讚，

and leave a comment saying what you think about the Venera space probes.

並留言說說你對金星太空探測器的看法。

Thank you very much for watching and I'll see you in the next video.

非常感謝您的觀看，我們下支影片再見。