好人終有好報：英語精讀講義

Nice guys finish last. 慣用語

好人總是吃虧。

At least that's how the saying goes, 片語搭配

至少俗話是這麼說的，

but we're here to destroy this myth 片語搭配

但我們今天就是要打破這個迷思，

and show you with scientific research and evidence

用科學研究和證據向你證明，

how nice guys undoubtedly finish first.

好人毫無疑問才會笑到最後。

There's a neat problem called the prisoner's 文化背景

有一個很有意思的問題，名為「囚徒

dilemma that has boggled many intelligent minds for decades. 慣用語

困境」，幾十年來一直讓許多聰明人百思不得其解。

There are many variations,

它有許多不同版本，

but in ours

但在我們的版本中，

two people face off against each other 片語動詞

兩個人互相對決，

with two different cards in their hands.

手裡各有兩張不同的牌。

One says cooperate and the other says defect. 用詞

一張寫著「合作」，另一張寫著「背叛」。

Each round both players pick one of the cards and play it face down 片語搭配

每一回合，兩位玩家都選一張牌，牌面朝下打出，

without the other knowing which they've chosen. 文法

彼此都不知道對方選了哪張。

If both players choose cooperate,

如果兩位玩家都選擇「合作」，

then they each win $300.

那麼每人都能贏得300美元。

If both players play defect,

如果兩人都打出「背叛」，

then they both lose $10.

那麼兩人都會損失10美元。

But if one person plays cooperate

但如果一人打出「合作」，

and the other plays defect,

另一人打出「背叛」，

the person who played defect wins $500

打出「背叛」的人會贏得500美元，

and the cooperate card loses $100.

而打出「合作」牌的人會損失100美元。

So how is this a dilemma?

那這為什麼會是個困境呢？

Well, if I were to play the card defect, 文法

假設我打出「背叛」牌，

your best move would also be to defect.

你的最佳選擇也會是「背叛」。

Sure, we both lose some money,

沒錯，我們都會損失一點錢，

but you haven't lost as much as if you were to play cooperate. 文法

但總比你選擇「合作」時損失得少。

And if I were to play cooperate,

而如果我打出「合作」，

your best move would still be to play defect

你的最佳選擇依然是「背叛」，

because you would win the most money.

因為這樣你能贏到最多的錢。

So no matter what the other does, 文法

所以，無論對方怎麼做，

defect is always our best most logical move.

「背叛」始終是我們最好、最合乎邏輯的選擇。

And yet if we both play our smartest move,

然而，如果我們雙方都做出自認最聰明的選擇，

we'll always lose,

我們就總會輸，

fully knowing that if we had simply cooperated, 文法

儘管我們明明知道，只要選擇合作，

we could have won $300.

就能各自贏得300美元。

But here's the really interesting part. 表達脈絡

但真正有意思的部分來了。

Scientists have created computer simulations

科學家建立了電腦模擬，

to analyze and discover which strategy

用來分析並找出哪種策略

is the best to win the most money

能賺到最多的錢，

over hundreds of turns.

模擬會持續數百回合。

And the winner was one called tit for tat. 文化背景

最終勝出的是一種叫做「以牙還牙」的策略。

It was programmed to always start with cooperate

它的程式設定是第一回合永遠選擇「合作」，

and after that it would copy the last move of its opponent.

此後則模仿對手上一回合的選擇。

So if your opponent defects,

所以，如果對手選擇「背叛」，

then the next time you defect.

那你下一回合也選擇「背叛」。

If they cooperate,

如果對方選擇「合作」，

then you cooperate next time.

那你下一回合也選擇「合作」。

Using this method not only helps to prevent you from getting duped over and over, 文法

這種方法不只能防止你一再上當，

but statistically leads to the highest earnings in all simulations

而且從統計結果來看，它在所有模擬中都能帶來最高收益，

when compared to any other strategy. 文法

勝過其他任何策略。

Okay, so how does this relate to nice guys? 表達脈絡

好，那麼這跟好人有什麼關係呢？

Well, it turns out that the top-ranked strategies 表達脈絡

結果發現，排名靠前的策略

were almost all the ones that began with what

幾乎全都始於一種

the scientists classified as niceness. 片語搭配

被科學家歸類為「友善」的做法。

That is, they would never be the first to defect

也就是說，它們絕不會率先「背叛」，

and would always cooperate first.

而是總會先選擇「合作」。

Furthermore, strategies which were quick to forgive others for deceiving them 片語搭配

此外，那些能很快原諒他人欺騙的策略，

and ones that were non-envious,

以及不嫉妒的策略，

aka happy when others won just as much money, 用詞

也就是看到別人賺得和自己一樣多也會開心的策略，

were key factors to success.

都是成功的關鍵因素。

On the other hand, 表達脈絡

反過來說，

the more devious strategies that tried to trick or defect more often,

那些更狡猾、試圖騙人或更常背叛的策略，

while temporarily gaining more, 文法

雖然短期內獲利更多，

actually scored worst over the long term. 片語搭配

長期得分其實卻是最低的。

Seriously, out of 15 strategies,

說真的，在15種策略中，

the top eight scores came from those which contained nice strategies,

得分最高的8種都包含友善策略，

while the bottom seven were more nasty or devious.

而墊底的7種則更刻薄或更狡猾。

And this niceness, forgiveness, and non-envious behavior pays, 用詞

這種友善、寬容和不嫉妒的行為會帶來回報，

not only in monetary terms like our game, 片語搭配

不只體現在我們這個遊戲中的金錢收益上，

but even in the real world from an evolutionary perspective. 片語搭配

從演化角度看，在現實世界中也同樣如此。

Shockingly, we can actually see these strategies right in nature.

令人驚訝的是，我們在大自然中就能看到這些策略。

Many birds, for example,

例如，許多鳥類

must work together to remove ticks in hard-to-reach spots. 文法

必須互相合作，才能清除難以觸及部位的壁蝨。

Both can cooperate and help each other out, 片語動詞

雙方可以合作，彼此幫忙，

whereby they both use energy, 用詞

這樣雙方都會消耗能量，

but also benefit,

但也都能受益；

or one can receive help and then not return the favor. 片語搭配

也可能一方接受了幫助，卻不回報對方。

But it turns out

但事實證明，

that selfish birds are completely shunned from these communities.

自私的鳥會被這些群體徹底排斥。

Vampire bats,

而吸血蝙蝠

on the other hand,

則是另一種情況：

hunt for blood in the night,

牠們會在夜間覓血，

but occasionally don't find any.

但偶爾會一無所獲。

To increase their group success,

為了提高整個群體的成功率，

the ones who do find blood 文法

找到血食的蝙蝠

will share it with those who don't,

會把血分享給沒有找到的同伴，

with the understanding that on their off nights 講解

因為大家都心照不宣：等牠們哪晚沒收穫時，

others will help them out.

其他同伴也會伸出援手。

And ultimately, all the bats are more successful

最終，所有蝙蝠都會更成功，

if they carry this trait. 片語搭配

只要牠們具備這種特質。

However, just like the tit-for-tat strategy,

不過，就像「以牙還牙」策略一樣，

if a bat is selfish and doesn't share,

如果一隻蝙蝠很自私，不肯分享，

others are less likely to share with it. 文法

其他蝙蝠也就不太願意與牠分享。

Those who are nice are more successful.

友善的個體會更成功。

From an evolutionary perspective,

從演化的角度來看，

animals which contain genes that promote nice behavior

帶有能促進友善行為的基因的動物

are likely to have more offspring.

很可能會繁衍更多後代。

It's the basic underlying code for altruistic behavior. 慣用語

這就是利他行為背後的基本密碼。

You help me and I'll help you. 文法

你幫我，我也會幫你。

And ultimately, we'll all do better.

到頭來，大家都會過得更好。

So while some mean, cutthroat, or envious people

所以，儘管一些刻薄、冷酷無情或嫉妒心強的人

may temporarily exploit and gain from others,

或許能暫時利用他人並從中獲利，

in the long run,

但從長遠來看，

not only nice guys, 表達脈絡

不只是善良的男人，

but nice people really do finish first. 文法

所有善良的人確實都會成為最後的贏家。

If you want to learn more about the human condition

如果你想進一步了解人性

and altruism,

和利他主義，

check out the book The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins, 文化背景

可以讀讀理查．道金斯的《自私的基因》，

which this episode was based on.

本集影片就是以這本書為基礎製作的。

And if you like a good deal on books, 用詞

如果你喜歡用划算的價格買書，

especially textbooks,

尤其是教科書，

we've teamed up with our friends at slugbooks.com 片語動詞

我們已經和slugbooks.com的朋友合作，

to get you the cheapest prices

幫你找到

for the books you need.

所需書籍的最低價格。

Seriously, we know how expensive textbooks

說真的，我們知道教科書

in particular can be,

尤其可能貴得嚇人，

so all you have to do 文法

所以你只需要

is head to slugbooks.com/asapscience 用詞

前往slugbooks.com/asapscience，

and search the ISBN number 文化背景

然後搜尋

of the books you're looking for.

你要找的書的ISBN編號。

SlugBooks will then compare prices from all across the net

SlugBooks接著會比較全網價格，

and hopefully save you some money.

希望能幫你省下一些錢。

Don't forget our own AsapSCIENCE book

別忘了，我們自己的AsapSCIENCE書籍

is now on pre-sale too. 用詞

現在也已經開放預購。

There's links in the description for that. 文法

相關連結就在影片說明欄中。

And subscribe for more weekly science videos.

記得訂閱，每週收看更多科學影片。