伊波拉病毒全解析——你的身體如何為生存而戰：英語精讀講義

What makes Ebola so dangerous? 文法

是什麼讓伊波拉病毒如此危險？

How can a virus overwhelm the very complex defense system of the body

一個病毒是如何擊潰人體如此複雜的防禦系統

so quickly and so effectively? 文法

而且還如此迅速且高效？

Let's take a look at what Ebola does. 片語搭配

讓我們來看看伊波拉病毒到底做了什麼。

Ebola is a virus.

伊波拉是一種病毒。

A virus is a very small thing.

病毒是非常微小的東西。

A bit of RNA or DNA and a few proteins in a hull.

只是被外殼包覆著的一點RNA或DNA和少數蛋白質。

It has no ability to do anything by itself whatsoever 文法

它本身完全沒有能力做任何事情，

and can only survive and proliferate by infecting cells. 文法

只能透過感染細胞來生存和繁殖。

To avoid this, we have the immune system.

為了避免這種情況，我們擁有免疫系統。

The immune system is super complex,

免疫系統超級複雜，

so we developed a visual system that makes it easy to understand. 文法

因此我們開發了一套視覺系統，讓它更容易理解。

So, it looks like this.

它是這樣的。

Let's concentrate on the part that's critical to understanding Ebola 表達脈絡

讓我們集中關注對理解伊波拉至關重要的部分，

and ignore the rest.

忽略其餘部分。

So, usually dendritic cells would activate an army of antivirus cells,

通常，樹突細胞會啟動一支由抗病毒細胞、

support cells, and antibody factories

輔助細胞和抗體工廠組成的大軍，

that work together with the guard cells,

牠們與守衛細胞協同作戰，

wipe out the infection in a matter of days. 講解

在幾天內消滅感染。

But when Ebola strikes, 用詞

但是當伊波拉來襲時，

it directly attacks the immune system.

它會直接攻擊免疫系統。

Some of the first cells it takes over are the dendritic cells, 片語動詞

它最先接管的細胞中就有樹突細胞，

the brains of the immune system. 慣用語

也就是免疫系統的大腦。

The Ebola virus enters a dendritic cell

伊波拉病毒進入樹突細胞，

by binding onto receptors for cell transport.

是透過結合細胞運輸的受體來實現的。

Once it's inside,

一旦進入內部，

it dissolves its outer hull and releases its genetic material,

它就會溶解其外殼並釋放出遺傳物質、

nucleoproteins and enzymes.

核蛋白和酶。

In a nutshell, it takes over the cell, 慣用語

簡而言之，它接管了細胞，

disables the cell's protective mechanisms, and reprograms it.

破壞了細胞的保護機制，並對其進行了重新編程。

The cell now becomes a virus production machine 慣用語

這個細胞現在變成了病毒製造機，

and uses its resources to build Ebola viruses.

並利用其資源來製造伊波拉病毒。

Once the cell is saturated, 用詞

一旦細胞達到飽和，

it dissolves the cell membrane

它就會溶解細胞膜，

and millions of viruses are released into the tissue.

數以百萬計的病毒被釋放到組織中。

The virus not only prevents the dendritic cell from activating the specialized antivirus forces, 文法

該病毒不僅阻止樹突細胞啟動專門的抗病毒部隊，

it manipulates it into sending signal proteins 文法

還會操縱它發送訊號蛋白，

that trick the specialized cells into ending their own lives prematurely.

欺騙專門的細胞過早地結束牠們自己的生命。

So, the immune system is seriously disrupted and unable to react

因此，免疫系統遭到嚴重破壞且無法做出反應，

while the virus rapidly multiplies.

而病毒卻在快速增殖。

We're talking billions. 語氣意圖

數量高達數十億。

There are cells that should deal with infected cells, 片語動詞

本來有一些細胞應該處理受感染的細胞，

the natural killer cells.

即自然殺手細胞。

But they also get infected and just die

但牠們也被感染並死去了，

before they can prevent the disease from spreading.

沒能阻止疾病的傳播。

At the same time, Ebola infects the guard cells of the body,

與此同時，伊波拉感染了人體的守衛細胞，

macrophages, and monocytes.

也就是巨噬細胞和單核球。

Not only managing to circumvent their defenses, 文法

它不僅成功繞過了牠們的防禦，

it also manipulates them to signal to the cells that make up the blood vessels, 片語動詞

還操縱牠們向構成血管的細胞發出訊號，

telling them to release fluids into the body.

讓牠們將液體釋放到體內。

Usually, this makes sense, 表達脈絡

通常這套機制是有用的，

but in this case, it just causes mayhem.

但在這種情況下，它只會引起混亂。

All over the body, neutrophils are activated,

全身的嗜中性白血球都被啟動了，

awakened by the virus and the macrophages signals.

被病毒和巨噬細胞的訊號喚醒。

They're not very effective against viruses 片語搭配

牠們對抗病毒不是很有效，

and should not be involved in this fight and begin to do lots of stuff they shouldn't do.

本不該參與這場戰鬥，卻開始做許多不該做的事。

The neutrophils signal the blood vessels to release more fluid,

嗜中性白血球向血管發出訊號釋放更多液體，

causing internal bleeding.

從而導致內出血。

Another area of the body Ebola attacks is the liver.

伊波拉攻擊的人體另一個部位是肝臟。

The virus finds it very easy to enter the liver

病毒發現進入肝臟非常容易，

and it quickly starts killing loads of liver cells 用詞

於是它迅速開始殺死大量肝細胞，

and causing organ failure

並導致器官衰竭，

and more internal bleeding.

以及更嚴重的內出血。

And all of those things are going on at the same time. 片語動詞

而所有這些事情都在同時發生。

As the virus spreads,

隨著病毒的傳播，

it's like nukes exploding everywhere. 慣用語

就像核彈在各處爆炸一樣。

One incident of this in one region would be problem enough, 文法

在一個區域發生這種事就已經夠麻煩了，

but now it's starting to happen everywhere at once.

但現在它開始在所有地方同時發生。

All the mechanisms the immune system has evolved to handle infections

免疫系統演化出來應對感染的所有機制，

work against you

現在都對你不利，

and the virus continues to spread and spread 表達脈絡

病毒繼續蔓延擴散，

and finally begins to infect more and more body cells

最後開始感染越來越多的身體細胞，

while the body desperately struggles to stay alive. 片語搭配

而身體則在拚命掙扎以求生存。

In a desperate last effort to turn the tide, 慣用語

為了扭轉局勢做最後的絕望掙扎，

the immune system launches a cytokine storm.

免疫系統引發了細胞激素風暴。

A cytokine storm is an SOS signal 文化背景

細胞激素風暴是一種求救訊號，

that causes the immune system to launch all of its weapons all at once

它會導致免疫系統一次性發射所有武器，

in a desperate kamikaze attack. 文化背景

進行絕望的神風特攻隊式攻擊。

This hurts the virus,

這會傷害到病毒，

but leaves behind tons of collateral damage, 用詞

但會留下大量的附帶損傷，

especially in the blood vessels.

尤其是在血管中。

Paradoxically, the healthier the immune system, 文法

矛盾的是，免疫系統越健康，

the more damage it can do to itself.

它對自己造成的傷害就越大。

More and more fluid leaves the bloodstream.

越來越多的液體離開血液。

Blood pours out of every opening of the body.

血液從身體的每一個開口湧出。

You become seriously dehydrated.

你會嚴重脫水。

There's just not enough blood left to supply the organs with oxygen 片語搭配

剩下的血液根本不足以為器官提供氧氣，

and cells begin to die.

細胞開始死亡。

If you reach this point,

如果你到了這個地步，

the chance of you dying is very high. 文法

死亡的機率非常高。

Currently,

目前，

six out of 10 infected die from Ebola. 片語搭配

十分之六的感染者死於伊波拉。

Wow.

哇。

Okay, Ebola is nasty.

好吧，伊波拉確實很可怕。

So, it's time to panic, right? 語氣意圖

那麼，是時候恐慌了嗎？

No, not even close. 慣用語

不，還差得遠呢。

The severity of Ebola gets paper sold and YouTube videos shared, 文法

伊波拉的嚴重性讓報紙大賣，YouTube影片瘋傳，

so everybody is talking about Ebola.

所以大家都在談論伊波拉。

But currently, the only way to get infected by Ebola 文法

但目前，感染伊波拉的唯一途徑，

is to come into contact with the bodily fluids 片語搭配

是接觸到出現症狀的患者

of a person who shows symptoms or from an infected bat.

或者是被感染蝙蝠的體液。

So, just don't do that.

所以，只要別那麼做就好。

Ebola has killed 5,000 people since June 2014.

自2014年6月以來，伊波拉已導致5000人死亡。

The common flu kills up to 500,000 people each year. 片語搭配

而普通流感每年導致多達50萬人死亡。

Malaria kills up to 1 million each year,

瘧疾每年導致多達100萬人死亡，

3,000 people every single day, 片語搭配

也就是每天3000人，

10 children since this video started.

自本影片開始以來就有10名兒童死亡。

So, even if Ebola is terrible and scary, 文法

所以，即使伊波拉很可怕、很嚇人，

don't let yourself be scared.

也不要讓自己陷入恐慌。

The most infectious thing about Ebola 慣用語

伊波拉最具有「傳染性」的，

is the media hype around it.

其實是媒體對它的炒作。

You could learn a bit more about the immune system, though. 語氣意圖

不過，你倒是可以多了解一些關於免疫系統的知識。