內向者 vs 外向者：英語精讀講義

Some of us like to spend our weekend with a book in hand, 文法

我們有些人喜歡手捧一本書度過週末，

while others prefer a night out 片語搭配

而另一些人則比較喜歡晚上出門，

being the center of attention. 慣用語

成為眾人矚目的焦點。

But from a scientific perspective, 表達脈絡

不過，從科學角度來看，

is there an advantage to being an introvert or an extrovert? 文法

當內向者或外向者，哪一種比較有優勢？

Which is better?

哪一種比較好？

The idea of two polar personalities 用詞

兩種截然相反的人格這個概念

was first described by Swiss-German psychologist Carl Jung,

最早由瑞士德語區心理學家卡爾·榮格提出，

who coined the terms introversion and extroversion. 用詞

他創造了「內向性」和「外向性」這兩個術語。

Jung's theory was further elaborated upon by Hans Eysenck, 片語搭配

德國心理學家漢斯·艾森克進一步發展了榮格的理論，

a German psychologist who defined introverts and extroverts by their baseline arousal. 用詞

他根據基準喚醒程度來界定內向者和外向者。

Extroverts with their lower level of arousal

外向者的喚醒程度較低，

would need to do more exciting things that would physically and mentally exhaust an introvert

因此需要做一些更刺激、甚至會讓內向者身心俱疲的事，

in order to reach satisfaction.

才能獲得滿足感。

So, while an introvert might be content with a leisurely bike ride through a quiet park, 片語搭配

所以，內向者或許悠閒地騎車穿過寧靜的公園就會心滿意足，

an extrovert might need to hit the dirt roads in order to feel mentally satisfied.

外向者卻可能得騎上泥土路，心裡才會覺得滿足。

Brain scans show a thicker prefrontal cortex in introverts compared to extroverts, 片語搭配

腦部掃描顯示，內向者的前額葉皮質比外向者厚，

which is associated with deeper thought and planning, 片語搭配

而前額葉皮質與更深入的思考和規劃有關，

suggesting that extroverts may be more impulsive than introverts 表達脈絡

這顯示外向者可能比內向者更衝動，

who prefer to mull things over 片語動詞

內向者則偏好反覆斟酌，

instead of directly springing into action. 慣用語

而不是立刻採取行動。

But because of this tendency to ruminate in introverts, 用詞

但也正因為內向者有這種反覆思索的傾向，

they're also more susceptible to developing anxiety and depression. 片語搭配

他們也更容易出現焦慮和憂鬱。

Extroverts also respond more strongly to rewards

外向者對獎勵的反應也更強烈，

with brain scans showing a significantly more activated dopamine reward system 文法

腦部掃描顯示，他們的多巴胺獎賞系統明顯更活躍，

than introverts when completing and winning a computerized gambling task.

在完成電腦化賭博任務並獲勝時，其反應比內向者更強。

And given that we're social animals, 文法

而且，既然我們是社會性動物，

dopamine is also released when interacting with other humans.

與其他人互動時，體內也會釋放多巴胺。

This was especially important as hunter-gatherers,

這對狩獵採集者來說尤其重要，

who relied upon others for both food and protection from predators. 片語搭配

因為他們既要依靠他人取得食物，也得靠他人保護自己免受掠食者攻擊。

However,

然而，

human connection has a greater impact on extroverts than introverts. 片語搭配

人際連結對外向者的影響比對內向者更大。

In fact, it's been shown that the brains of extroverts respond more strongly 文法

事實上，研究顯示，外向者的大腦會有更強烈的反應，

when shown photos of human faces compared to neutral photos of nature. 文法

也就是看到人臉照片時，反應比看到中性的自然景物照片時更強。

But for introverts,

但對內向者來說，

the brain response is similar between the two.

大腦對這兩類照片的反應差不多。

Now, that's not to say that introverts don't feel any excitement 語氣意圖

當然，這並不是說內向者絲毫感受不到

from winning or that they strongly dislike being around people,

獲勝帶來的興奮，也不是說他們非常討厭與人相處，

but they simply don't feel as excited 文法

只是他們沒那麼興奮，

and don't require as much social interaction in order to feel good.

也不需要那麼多社交互動就能感到愉快。

In terms of genetics,

從遺傳學的角度來看，

there may be an evolutionary advantage to each trait. 文法

每種特質或許都有其演化優勢。

For instance, introverts might have stuck to the sidelines to avoid predators, 慣用語

例如，內向者可能會待在一旁，以躲避掠食者，

while extroverts would roam and explore,

外向者則會四處遊走和探索，

giving them an advantage when food is scarce.

讓他們在食物匱乏時更有優勢。

A study involving 130 participants discovered that those who were more inclined to be adventurous 片語搭配

一項有130人參與的研究發現，比較喜歡冒險的人

had two copies of one particular allele, 用詞

擁有某個特定對偶基因的兩份複本，

reinforcing the idea that these personality traits are partially linked to genetics. 表達脈絡

這進一步印證了這些人格特質有一部分與遺傳相關。

In many ways,

從許多方面來看，

our society has an extroversion bias 用詞

我們的社會有偏愛外向性格的傾向，

where qualities like putting yourself out there are highly valued. 慣用語

敢於展現自己等特質備受重視。

Our institutions are also often designed with the extrovert in mind, 片語搭配

我們的各種機構往往也是以外向者為中心來設計，

where group work is a popular practice in most schools and workplaces,

大多數學校和職場都很常採用分組合作，

with the idea that creativity comes from a sociable place.

因為人們認為創意來自社交互動。

However, as social animals,

然而，身為社會性動物，

we instinctively mimic others' opinions without realizing it,

我們會在不知不覺中本能地附和別人的看法，

suggesting that your brainstorming sessions with others

這表示你和其他人一起進行的腦力激盪

may not always be productive. 文法

未必每次都有成效。

When we disagree with a group,

當我們的意見與群體不一致時，

neuroscientists have shown high activation in the amygdala,

神經科學家發現，杏仁核會高度活化，

a part of the brain associated with the sting of rejection. 慣用語

這個腦區與遭到拒絕時的刺痛感有關。

When we think of introverts,

一提到內向者，

shyness and the preference to be alone often come to mind, 片語搭配

我們通常會想到害羞和喜歡獨處，

but in reality, 表達脈絡

但實際上，

introverts may simply prefer close conversations with one or a few people

內向者可能只是比較喜歡和一兩個人深入交談，

instead of dozens.

而不是和幾十個人交流。

Furthermore, introverts may even be better public speakers,

此外，內向者甚至可能更擅長公開演說，

as they're known to think through ideas thoroughly 片語動詞

因為他們往往會把想法徹底考慮清楚，

compared to extroverts who may choose to make rash decisions instead. 片語搭配

相較之下，外向者反而可能草率做出決定。

But perhaps you are an ambivert, 用詞

不過，你或許是個中向型人格者，

right in the middle of the introvert-extrovert Venn diagram, 文化背景

正好位於內向—外向文氏圖的中間，

combining the best of both worlds. 慣用語

結合兩者的優點。

A recent study involving 340 call center representatives

最近一項有340名客服中心人員參與的研究

had their sales record tracked for a period of three months.

追蹤了他們三個月的銷售紀錄。

Those who were neither strong extroverts or introverts 文法

那些既不明顯外向、也不明顯內向的人

generated the most revenue,

創造的營收最高，

averaging $208 per hour, 文法

平均每小時208美元，

compared to the study average of $138 per hour.

而研究的整體平均值是每小時138美元。

So, what do you see yourself as, 片語搭配

那麼，你覺得自己屬於哪一種，

and do you think one is better than the other?

你認為其中一種比另一種好嗎？

Let us know in the comments below.

歡迎在下方留言告訴我們。

Special thanks to Audible for supporting this episode

特別感謝Audible贊助本集，

to give you a free 30-day trial at audible.com/asap.

讓你可以在audible.com/asap免費試用30天。

This week,

本週，

we wanted to recommend the book

我們想推薦一本書：

Introvert Power: Why Your Inner Life Is Your Hidden Strength,

《內向者的力量：為什麼你的內心世界是你隱藏的優勢》，

which analyzes strategies for introverts to excel

書中分析了幫助內向者脫穎而出的策略，

living in an extroverted world.

讓他們能在崇尚外向的世界中好好生活。

You can get a free 30-day trial at audible.com/asap

前往audible.com/asap，即可免費試用30天，

and choose from a massive selection.

還能從大量內容中自由挑選。

We love them as they're great when you're on the go. 慣用語

我們很喜歡這些有聲書，因為出門在外時聽非常方便。

And subscribe for more weekly science videos.

別忘了訂閱，收看每週更新的更多科學影片。