為什麼古代遺跡會深埋地下：英語精讀講義

This is what the Roman Forum looked like in 1864. 文法

這是1864年古羅馬廣場的樣子。

And this is what it looks like today.

這是它今天的樣子。

When archaeologists started digging here,

當考古學家開始在這裡挖掘時，

they uncovered an entire world of ruins deep underground that hadn't been seen for centuries. 文法

他們在地底深處發現了一個完整的廢墟世界，這是幾個世紀以來無人見過的。

Over time,

隨著時間的推移，

the city had risen by more than 10 m and older buildings had been completely forgotten about. 講解

城市的海拔上升了10多公尺，而較古老的建築已完全被遺忘。

All over the world,

在世界各地，

you'll find ruins that are slowly being left behind 片語動詞

你都會發現那些正逐漸被遺棄的廢墟，

by the constant rise of the streets

原因是街道在不斷地升高，

and modern cities that have been built on top of old ruins. 片語搭配

以及現代城市被建立在舊廢墟之上。

The ancient city of Troy was rebuilt 10 times,

特洛伊古城被重建了10次，

forming 10 distinct layers, 文法

形成了10個截然不同的地層，

all built directly on top of each other.

全部直接層層疊加建造。

Even the city of Seattle has an entire network of mysterious abandoned shops and houses 表達脈絡

甚至在西雅圖市，也有一個由神祕的廢棄商店和房屋組成的龐大網路

buried beneath the modern streets.

埋藏在現代街道之下。

But why are cities built on top of each other? 表達脈絡

但為什麼城市會層層疊加建造呢？

Is the street level actually rising?

街道的水平面真的在上升嗎？

And why does history always end up buried deep underground? 片語動詞

為什麼歷史最終總是被深埋於地下？

We modeled the entire thing to show you how civilizations build on top of each other.

我們對整個過程進行了建模，向你展示文明是如何層層疊建的。

We'll also look at the crazy historical layers beneath Rome,

我們還將探究羅馬地下那些瘋狂的歷史地層，

these strange hills all over the Middle East,

遍布中東的這些奇怪的山丘，

and the mysterious city purposefully buried beneath Seattle over 100 years ago.

以及100多年前蓄意被掩埋在西雅圖地下的神祕城市。

There is no single reason why cities are built on top of each other. 表達脈絡

城市層層疊加的原因不止一個。

After the Great Fire of Rome in the 1st century, 文化背景

在西元1世紀的羅馬大火之後，

most of the city had to be rebuilt.

城市的大部分都需要重建。

But instead of clearing away the rubble, 講解

但與其清理廢墟，

it was quicker and easier to simply flatten it out and build on top. 片語動詞

直接將其推平並在上面建造要更快、更容易。

This meant that new buildings were about a meter higher than the street. 表達脈絡

這意味著新建築比街道高出大約一公尺。

And so,

因此，

to match the new height,

為了匹配新的高度，

the streets were raised and resurfaced using rocks from the surrounding debris.

人們用周圍廢墟的石塊抬高了街道並重新鋪設了路面。

With every fire and natural disaster that occurred,

隨著每一次火災和自然災害的發生，

this process would repeat itself, 文法

這個過程就會重演，

raising the city and leaving old ruins buried underground.

抬高了城市，並將舊廢墟埋在地下。

One of the clearest examples of this is the Basilica of San Clemente in Rome. 文化背景

其中最明顯的例子之一是羅馬的聖克萊門特大教堂。

The structure we see today is from the 12th century,

我們今天看到的建築建於12世紀，

but it was built directly on top of an old church from the 4th century.

但它是直接建在一座4世紀的古老教堂之上的。

That church was built directly on top of a mysterious old temple.

而那座教堂則直接建在了一座神祕的古老神廟之上。

And that temple was built on top of an old house.

那座神廟又是建在一棟舊房子之上的。

And there are even older ruins beneath that.

甚至在那下面還有更古老的廢墟。

All in all, 表達脈絡

總而言之，

the valley in which San Clemente lies is now 18 m higher than it was in the 1st century. 文法

聖克萊門特所在的這個山谷，現在比1世紀時高了18公尺。

Here's what happened. 表達脈絡

事情是這樣的。

Back in 1st century Rome,

回到1世紀的羅馬，

before the Colosseum was built,

在羅馬競技場建成之前，

a Roman villa sat at the bottom of the valley. 用詞

谷底坐落著一座羅馬別墅。

After being damaged in a fire, 文法

在一次火災中受損後，

it was converted into a temple by the Mithra people, 講解

它被密特拉教徒改造成了一座神廟，

a mysterious cult which was gaining popularity throughout Rome.

這是一個在羅馬日益盛行的神祕宗教。

But by the end of the 4th century,

但到了4世紀末，

the temple was partially destroyed by the Christians.

這座神廟被基督徒部分摧毀了。

Looking to promote their religion, 文法

為了推廣他們的宗教，

they decided to build a new Basilica on top of the old temple.

他們決定在舊神廟之上建造一座新的大教堂。

This Basilica served the Christians for another 800 years.

這座大教堂為基督徒服務了另外800年。

But by the 12th century,

但到了12世紀，

it fell into disrepair. 片語搭配

它變得破敗不堪。

After multiple fires and rebuilds around the Basilica,

在大教堂周圍經歷了多次火災和重建之後，

the street level had risen considerably.

街道水平面已經大幅上升。

And so, instead of knocking it down, 片語動詞

因此，他們沒有將其推倒，

a new Basilica was built on top.

而是在上面建造了一座新的大教堂。

This is the one we see today.

這就是我們今天看到的這一座。

Eventually, the ruins beneath the Basilica were filled in. 片語動詞

最終，大教堂下方的廢墟被填平了。

And because no one kept track, 片語搭配

並且由於無人記錄，

all knowledge of the previous layers was completely lost.

關於之前地層的所有資訊都徹底遺失了。

But in the 1800s,

但在19世紀，

an archaeologist started digging and unearthed the old Basilica

一位考古學家開始挖掘，讓這座古老的大教堂重見天日，

with a staircase leading down to the 1st century temple.

裡面有一段通往1世紀神廟的樓梯。

Inside was a Mithra shrine,

裡面是一個密特拉神龕，

and scrolled on the walls were paintings dedicated to the Mithra god and the logo of the Opera web browser.

牆上畫著獻給密特拉神的壁畫，還有Opera網頁瀏覽器的標誌。

Just kidding. 語氣意圖

開玩笑的。

Opera is bringing a new era of browsing with smarter tabs,

Opera正透過更智慧的標籤頁帶來一個全新的瀏覽時代，

seamless multitasking,

提供無縫的多工處理，

and fully customizable themes.

以及完全可自訂的主題。

Gone are the days of getting lost in your tabs while you deep dive into something new. 慣用語

當你深入研究新事物時迷失在標籤頁中的日子已經一去不復返了。

With tab islands,

透過標籤島，

you can group your tabs by context and expand and collapse them to keep everything organized. 用詞

你可以根據上下文對標籤進行分組，並展開或摺疊它們，讓一切保持井井有條。

Tab traces highlights your recently viewed tabs.

標籤追蹤功能會高亮顯示你最近瀏覽過的標籤。

The darker the underscore, 文法

底部的底線越深，

the more recently you've visited that tab.

說明你造訪該標籤的時間越近。

Split screen lets you work and browse like a pro, 講解

分割畫面功能讓你像專業人士一樣工作和瀏覽，

comparing products or taking notes while you watch your favorite YouTube channels.

可以在觀看你最喜歡的YouTube頻道時比較產品或做筆記。

Just drag your tab downwards and the split screen will click into place. 慣用語

只需將標籤頁向下拉，分割畫面就會自動就位。

With Opera's floating music player,

藉助Opera的懸浮音樂播放器，

you can control your music from seven different streaming platforms without interrupting your browsing.

你可以從七個不同的串流平台控制音樂，而不會中斷你的瀏覽。

It can even be used outside the browser.

它甚至可以在瀏覽器外部使用。

Opera's built-in AI, Aria,

Opera內建的AI——Aria，

can generate images from a simple prompt and answer questions without switching tabs. 用詞

能根據簡單的提示詞產生圖像，且無需切換標籤頁就能回答問題。

Just hit control plus slash and start asking questions. 用詞

只需按下Ctrl加斜線鍵，即可開始提問。

Aria can also analyze pictures you upload.

Aria還可以分析你上傳的圖片。

With Opera, you can make the browser truly yours with customizable themes, 慣用語

使用Opera，你可以透過可自訂的主題、

colors, animations, and even sound effects.

顏色、動畫甚至音效，打造真正屬於你的瀏覽器。

My favorite one is the Aurora theme.

我最喜歡的是Aurora主題。

Download Opera today using the link in the description and start exploring a new era of browsing.

立即透過描述欄中的連結下載Opera，開始探索全新的瀏覽時代吧。

We've seen how Rome is built almost entirely on old ruins. 表達脈絡

我們已經看到羅馬幾乎完全是建在舊廢墟之上的。

But one of the best examples of a layered city dates back to a time long before Rome ever existed. 片語動詞

但一座層疊城市的最佳例子之一，可以追溯到遠在羅馬存在之前的時代。

All over the Middle East,

在整個中東地區，

you'll find these strange-looking hills with mysteriously flat tops.

你會發現這些山頂平坦得有些神祕的奇特山丘。

These are known as tells. 文化背景

這些被稱為土丘（tells）。

Tel as in Tel Aviv,

就像特拉維夫（Tel Aviv）中的「Tel」一樣，

which used to look like this. 文法

它過去看起來是這樣的。

These are artificial hills formed by centuries of civilizations building on top of each other.

這些是由幾個世紀以來的文明層層疊建而成的人造山丘。

Inside each tell is a world full of old ruins lost in time. 慣用語

每個土丘裡面，都是一個充滿了迷失在時間裡的古老廢墟的世界。

Perhaps one of the most impressive of these is the ancient city of Troy,

也許其中最令人驚嘆的是特洛伊古城，

which first began as a small settlement back in 3000 BC.

它最初只是西元前3000年的一個小定居點。

The buildings were mostly made from mud bricks. 片語搭配

建築主要是用泥磚建成的。

And when they were destroyed,

當它們被摧毀時，

the material decomposed and covered the ruins in soil.

這些材料分解，用泥土覆蓋了廢墟。

Then a new settlement came along and built on top. 片語動詞

接著，一個新的定居點出現，並建在了上面。

Over the following millennia,

在接下來的幾千年中，

eight more civilizations took over this mound, 片語動詞

又有八個文明接管了這個土丘，

going from the Persians to Alexander the Great and eventually the Romans, 表達脈絡

從波斯人到亞歷山大大帝，最終是羅馬人，

up until the year 500 AD,

直到西元500年，

when the nearby port dried up and the last civilization left the city. 片語動詞

附近的港口乾涸，最後一個文明離開了這座城市。

Eventually, the buildings crumbled back into the hill and the soil took over,

最終，建築物倒塌重新變成了山丘，泥土將其掩埋，

making Troy a complete mystery until it was discovered in the 1800s.

讓特洛伊徹底成為了一個謎，直到19世紀才被發現。

In most cases,

在大多數情況下，

humans are the main cause of layered cities.

人類是層疊城市的主要成因。

But there is something we haven't talked about yet. 表達脈絡

但有一件事我們還沒有談過。

What happens when buildings and cities literally sink into the ground?

當建築物和城市真的沉入地下時會發生什麼事？

Did you know that Shanghai is currently sinking by around 1 cm every year?

你知道上海目前正以每年約1公分的速度下沉嗎？

In fact,

事實上，

most major cities across China are all sinking.

中國的多數主要城市都在下沉。

For centuries,

幾個世紀以來，

the only way to get fresh drinking water was to pump it out of the ground. 講解

獲取新鮮飲用水的唯一途徑就是從地下抽取。

But by doing this,

但這樣做，

the pores that hold the water are emptied,

儲存水分的孔隙被騰空，

causing the ground to compress and sink.

導致地面壓縮下沉。

This is a problem all over the world,

這是全世界都存在的問題，

but the soil beneath Shanghai is particularly soft.

但上海地下的土壤特別鬆軟。

And with the sheer weight of all the skyscrapers sitting on top, 片語搭配

再加上頂部所有摩天大樓的巨大重量，

the city has shrunk around 3 m in the last century.

這座城市在過去的一個世紀裡下沉了大約3公尺。

When cities sink too much,

當城市下沉太多時，

they fall below sea level and end up completely lost. 片語搭配

它們會降到海平面以下，最終徹底消失。

The only real solution to get above the water is to build on top.

唯一能夠保持在水面之上的真正解決方案，就是向上建造。

That is exactly what happened in Seattle.

這正是西雅圖所發生的事情。

Although Seattle is only 175 years old, 文法

儘管西雅圖只有175年的歷史，

it already has an entire network of streets and abandoned buildings hidden beneath the modern city.

它的現代城市下方卻已經隱藏著一個由街道和廢棄建築組成的龐大網路。

In 1889,

1889年，

a devastating fire ripped through the newly formed city, 片語動詞

一場毀滅性的大火席捲了這座剛建成不久的城市，

and just like Rome, 表達脈絡

就像羅馬一樣，

almost everything had to be rebuilt.

幾乎所有的東西都需要重建。

The mayor took this as an opportunity to drastically improve the city's design, 片語搭配

市長把這當作一個徹底改善城市設計的機會，

which already had huge problems with flooding.

這座城市之前本就存在著嚴重的洪水問題。

The idea was to raise the entire city and install drainage pipes underneath the streets, 表達脈絡

他們的想法是抬高整個城市，並在街道下方安裝排水管道，

allowing the water to naturally flow out to the sea.

讓水能夠自然流入大海。

To pull this off, 片語動詞

為了實現這一目標，

6 m high stone walls were built on either side of the streets 片語搭配

他們在街道兩側建造了6公尺高的石牆，

and roads were built on top.

然後在上面鋪設了道路。

For a while,

在一段時間裡，

Seattle went through a weird phase with its buildings sat two stories below street level, 片語搭配

西雅圖經歷了一個奇怪的階段，它的建築物比街道低了兩層，

and people had to descend on ladders to get to shops and houses.

人們必須爬梯子下去才能去商店和家裡。

Eventually, the gaps were filled in and proper sidewalks were installed,

最終，這些空隙被填平，並安裝了合適的人行道，

leaving behind a well-preserved city right beneath Seattle's streets.

留下了一個保存完好的城市，就藏在西雅圖街道的正下方。

And now, time for the Primal Space giveaway.

現在，是Primal Space的抽獎時間。

The winner of the previous giveaway is Jimmy.

上次抽獎的獲勝者是Jimmy。

Congrats.

恭喜。

In the next video,

在下一期影片中，

we'll be giving away another $100 Amazon gift card to one lucky viewer.

我們將向一位幸運觀眾送出另一張100美元的亞馬遜禮品卡。

All you need to do is sign up at the link below,

你所需要做的就是透過下方連結註冊，

like the video,

幫影片按讚，

and leave a comment saying what you think of these amazing underground ruins.

並留言說說你對這些令人驚嘆的地下廢墟的看法。

Thank you very much for watching,

非常感謝您的觀看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我們下期影片見。