掌握水之秘的古城：英語精讀講義

It's a cold rainy night in the walled city of Cordoba, medieval Spain.

這是一個寒冷下雨的夜晚，在中世紀西班牙的哥多華城牆內。

Watchmen guard the city,

守衛們駐守著這座城市，

unaware that an entire army of Christian soldiers 文法

卻不知道有一整支基督教軍隊

are about to launch a surprise attack. 文法

正準備發動突襲。

In a single night,

在短短一夜之間，

they conquer the entire city,

他們就征服了整座城市，

bringing the Muslim rule to an end. 講解

終結了穆斯林的統治。

All over the land,

在這片土地上，

Muslim cities were being conquered 文法

穆斯林城市正接連被征服，

and taken over by the Christians. 片語動詞

並由基督徒接管。

But amidst all of this, 片語搭配

但在這一切之中，

one city remained unconquered,

有一座城市仍然未被征服，

Granada.

那就是格拉納達。

Thanks to its strategic position 片語搭配

憑藉其戰略位置

and the enormous Alhambra Palace,

和宏偉的阿爾罕布拉宮，

the city was protected

這座城市得到了保護，

and it remained untouched

並在接下來的

for another 200 years.

200 年裡未受侵擾。

To this day, 片語搭配

直至今日，

the Alhambra Palace still stands

阿爾罕布拉宮依然矗立，

as one of the most beautiful pieces 文法

成為有史以來最美麗的

of architecture ever made.

建築作品之一。

But as you walk through

但當你漫步穿過

the luxurious courtyards and hallways,

奢華的庭院和走廊時，

you start to notice something

你會開始注意到一些

even more special,

更特別的東西，

the water.

那就是水。

Winding its way through the palace 文法

蜿蜒穿過宮殿的

is a mind-blowing network

是一個令人驚嘆的網絡，

of medieval pipes and channels

由中世紀的管道和渠道組成，

that carry water

它們將水

to vibrant gardens,

輸送到生機勃勃的花園、

thermal baths,

溫熱浴場，

and elegant fountains.

以及優雅的噴泉。

The engineering required

完成這項工程所需的

to pull this off was astonishing, 片語動詞

技術令人驚嘆，

and it gave the palace things

它為宮殿帶來了

like underfloor heating

像是地板暖氣

and fountains that could tell the time. 片語搭配

以及可以報時的噴泉等設施。

This incredible system

這個不可思議的系統

also kept the palace cool

也讓宮殿保持涼爽，

and brought life 慣用語

並為周圍的自然環境

to the surrounding nature

帶來了生機，

for hundreds of years.

持續了數百年之久。

We modeled the entire thing

我們對整個系統進行了建模，

to show you how it all worked

向您展示它的運作方式，

and the lost mechanisms

以及那些失傳的機制，

that once allowed the water

這些機制曾經讓水

to defy gravity 慣用語

克服地心引力

and travel uphill.

並向高處流動。

When the ruler of Granada

當格拉納達的統治者

commissioned the palace, 用詞

委託建造這座宮殿時，

the engineers had one major problem.

工程師們面臨一個主要問題。

The hill was around 200 m

這座山丘大約高出

above Granada's main river,

格拉納達主要河流 200 公尺，

and getting water up to the palace

要將水引到宮殿上方

would be a huge challenge.

將是一個巨大的挑戰。

And so they followed the river

因此他們沿著河流

6 km upstream

向上游走了 6 公里，

to a point that was considerably higher 文法

來到一個比宮殿

than the palace.

高出許多的地方。

From here,

從這裡，

they dammed the river

他們築壩攔截河流，

and started redirecting

並開始將水流重新引導

it down a new channel

至一條新的渠道，

known as the Royal Canal. 片語搭配

被稱為皇家運河。

With meticulous planning,

經過周密的規劃，

it navigated its way 片語搭配

它穿過了

through the difficult terrain,

困難的地形，

maintaining a very shallow slope

保持著非常平緩的坡度，

until it arrived just outside the palace.

直到它抵達宮殿外圍。

It was a huge amount of work,

這是一項浩大的工程，

but this was only the beginning. 表達脈絡

但這僅僅是個開始。

The designers of the palace

宮殿的設計師們

had big ideas,

有著宏大的構想，

elegant fountains shooting out

優雅的噴泉噴射出

jets of water,

水柱，

bathing rooms with showers

帶有淋浴設備

and underfloor heating,

和地板暖氣的浴室，

and clocks that were powered by water.

以及由水力驅動的時鐘。

All of this required

這一切都需要

much higher water pressure

比皇家運河所能提供的

than the Royal Canal provided.

高得多的水壓。

And so to get around this, 片語動詞

因此為了解決這個問題，

the engineers started digging out

工程師們開始在

a large pool

一個比宮殿

in an area much higher

高出許多的區域

than the palace.

挖掘一個大水池。

Below this,

在這個水池下方，

the water from the Royal Canal

來自皇家運河的水

would flow into an underground pipe

會流入地下管道，

and collect in a well

並匯集在一個

60 m below the pool.

位於水池下方 60 公尺的深井中。

At the top of the well,

在深井的頂部，

the engineers installed a water wheel

工程師安裝了一個水車，

equipped with buckets 片語搭配

配備了水桶，

that could be turned by an animal.

可以由動物拉動旋轉。

This would raise the water

這會將水

up to the surface

提升到地表，

and fill the storage pool

並將儲水池注滿，

with around 400 cubic meters of water.

水量大約為 400 立方公尺。

Having all this water 文法

將這麼多的水

stored above the palace

儲存在宮殿上方，

pressurized the entire system

為整個系統加壓，

and at the same time

同時也

gave the palace a backup supply

為宮殿提供了乾旱時期的

of water in times of drought. 片語搭配

備用水源。

From here,

從這裡，

the water passed over an aqueduct

水流經過高架渠，

and into the palace,

進入宮殿，

where things start to get

這裡的事情開始變得

really interesting.

非常有趣。

The water would split off 片語動詞

水流會分流，

into a complex network

進入一個複雜的網絡，

of carefully designed channels

由精心設計的渠道組成，

carrying just the right amount 片語搭配

將恰到好處的

of water

水量

to the pools and fountains

輸送到宮殿各處的

all around the palace.

水池和噴泉。

The most impressive of which

其中最令人印象深刻的

was located at the heart 慣用語

位於中心，

of the palace.

宮殿的中心。

Built in the 14th century,

它建於 14 世紀，

it featured 12 lions

特色是 12 隻獅子，

that each shot out a jet of water

每隻獅子都會噴出一道水柱，

to show what time of day it was.

以顯示當時的時間。

In a controlled sequence,

在一個受控的順序中，

the lions would activate

獅子們會

hour by hour

逐時啟動，

until all of them were spouting out water

直到所有獅子都在噴水，

by midday.

到了中午時分。

The system would then reset itself

系統隨後會自動重置，

and the process would start again.

這個過程又會重新開始。

But how was this possible

但這怎麼可能

with medieval technology?

用中世紀的技術實現呢？

Inside the fountain

在噴泉內部

was an early version

是早期版本的

of the Opera web browser.

Opera 網頁瀏覽器。

Just kidding. 語氣意圖

開玩笑的。

Opera R2 is the next generation

Opera R2 是下一代的

of web browsing

網頁瀏覽體驗，

with elevated music

具有提升的音樂

and video playback capabilities

和影片播放功能，

and a whole new way

以及處理分頁的

to deal with tabs.

全新方式。

Without interrupting 文法

在不打斷

your browsing experience,

您瀏覽體驗的情況下，

you can control your music

您可以控制音樂，

and even watch YouTube

甚至在瀏覽時

while you browse.

觀看 YouTube。

Just hover over the player icon

只需將滑鼠懸停在您音樂串流服務的

on your music streaming service

播放器圖示上，

to skip a song

即可跳過歌曲，

and pop out your YouTube video 片語動詞

並將您的 YouTube 影片彈出，

and stick it in the corner

然後在您瀏覽時

while you browse.

將其固定在角落。

Getting lost in your tabs

在分頁中迷失

is a thing of the past 慣用語

已成為過去，

thanks to tab islands,

多虧了分頁島功能，

which lets you organize your tabs

它讓您可以將分頁

by category

按類別整理，

and automatically groups them together.

並自動將它們分組在一起。

Opera also gives

Opera 也為您提供了

you a subtle hint

一個關於您最近使用的分頁的

at your most recently used tabs,

微妙提示，

so you never lose track 慣用語

讓您永遠不會忘記

of what you're doing.

自己正在做什麼。

Even split-screening two pages

即使是將兩個頁面分割畫面

is super easy

也超級簡單，

and can be done

而且可以在

without opening different windows.

不開啟不同視窗的情況下完成。

With Opera's built-in AI features,

有了 Opera 內建的 AI 功能，

you can get answers to questions

您可以獲得問題的答案，

without leaving the page

而無需離開您正在

you are working on.

操作的頁面。

Just hit control plus slash

只需按下 Control 加斜線，

to open the Aria command line

即可開啟 Aria 指令列，

and explore more

並探索更多

about any topic.

關於任何主題的資訊。

With Aria's image features,

有了 Aria 的影像功能，

you can generate images

您可以生成影像，

and also upload your own images

也可以上傳自己的影像，

and get a detailed rundown 用詞

並獲得關於影像內容的

of what's in the image.

詳細分析。

The look and feel of Opera 片語搭配

Opera 的外觀和風格

is fully customizable

完全可以自訂，

with different themes

擁有不同的佈景主題，

that let you change the background,

讓您更改背景、

UI colors,

使用者介面顏色、

sounds,

音效，

and more.

以及更多設定。

Download Opera today

今天就透過描述中的連結

with the link in the description

下載 Opera，

and start experiencing

開始體驗

the next generation of browsing.

下一代的瀏覽方式。

In order for the Alhambra's central fountain 文法

為了讓阿爾罕布拉宮的中央噴泉

to tell the time,

能夠報時，

the engineers came up 片語動詞

工程師們想出了一種

with a very clever but simple design.

非常巧妙但簡單的設計。

The large bowl

噴泉中心的

in the center of the fountain

大水盆

had 12 holes

有 12 個孔洞，

placed at very specific heights,

設置在非常特定的高度，

each leading to a lion

每個孔洞都透過一系列內部管道

via a series of internal pipes.

連接到一隻獅子。

A central pipe would fill the bowl

一根中央管道會以緩慢且恆定的速度

at a slow and constant rate, 片語搭配

將水盆注滿，

causing the water level to rise 文法

導致水位上升，

and activate the lions one by one.

並逐一啟動獅子。

The holes were so precisely calculated 文法

這些孔洞經過精確計算，

and the water supply was so constant

而且供水非常穩定，

that it would take exactly 1 hour

因此需要剛好 1 小時的時間，

to reach the next hole.

水位才會到達下一個孔洞。

After 12 hours,

過了 12 小時後，

the bowl would be full of water

水盆會裝滿水，

and a clever siphon inside the bowl

而水盆內一個巧妙的虹吸管

would reset the system naturally.

會自然地重置系統。

As the water inside the bowl 文法

隨著水盆內的水

started to rise,

開始上升，

so did the water in the siphon.

虹吸管內的水也隨之上升。

Once it reached the top

一旦水到達虹吸管的

of the siphon,

頂部，

it would curve

它就會彎曲，

and start falling down

並開始沿著

the drainage pipe.

排水管落下。

At this point,

這時，

a seal was created

會形成一個密封狀態，

and no air could get in

空氣無法進入

to replace the falling water.

以取代落下的水。

This activated the siphon

這啟動了虹吸管，

and the surface tension

而落下水流的

of the falling water

表面張力

would pull the rest of the water

會將剩餘的水

with it.

一起拉下去。

In a matter of seconds, 片語搭配

在幾秒鐘內，

the bowl would drain completely

水盆就會完全排空，

and the process would start again.

然後過程會重新開始。

The water from the lions

來自獅子的水

would exit via four shallow channels

會透過地面上的四條淺水道

in the ground

流出，

and continue on throughout the palace,

並繼續流遍整個宮殿，

eventually reaching another

最終抵達另一個

engineering marvel, 片語搭配

工程奇蹟，

the thermal baths.

也就是溫熱浴場。

This is where the kings and diplomats 文化背景

這是國王和外交官

would come to relax

來放鬆

and make deals.

並進行交易的地方。

It featured a cold plunge pool, 用詞

它設有一個冷水池、

a hot room with heated flooring,

一間有加熱地板的熱室，

and a steam room.

以及一個蒸氣室。

The water would enter

水會進入

a control room underground

地下的控制室，

and pass through a copper boiler

並穿過一個由燃燒木材加熱的

that was heated by burning wood. 文法

銅製鍋爐。

From here,

從這裡，

the water would flow through pipes

水會流過管道，

to various fountains and showers

前往浴場周圍的

around the baths.

各個噴泉和淋浴設備。

To provide underfloor heating 文法

為了在熱室中提供

in the hot room,

地板暖氣，

the steam from the boiler

來自鍋爐的蒸氣

was directed through channels

被引導經過

underneath the marble floor.

大理石地板下方的渠道。

From there,

從那裡，

the steam would travel up

蒸氣會向上穿過

through pillars in the steam room

蒸氣室內的柱子，

and exit through small vents,

並從小通風口排出，

filling the room with water vapor. 文法

讓房間充滿水蒸氣。

The roof had a series

屋頂有一系列

of star-shaped windows

星形窗戶，

that could be opened and closed 文法

可以開啟和關閉，

to control the level of steam.

以控制蒸氣的量。

As the water continued on

當水繼續流經

through the Alhambra's network

阿爾罕布拉宮的

of fountains,

噴泉、

channels,

渠道，

and pools,

和水池網絡時，

it had another benefit, 表達脈絡

它還有另一個好處，

cooling.

就是冷卻。

Granada is an extremely hot

格拉納達是西班牙

part of Spain,

非常炎熱的地區，

but as the warm air blew

但當溫暖的空氣吹過

over the pools and fountains,

水池和噴泉時，

the water would evaporate,

水會蒸發，

cooling the air surrounding the palace 文法

冷卻宮殿周圍的空氣，

and making it a very comfortable place

使其成為一個非常舒適的

to be.

地方。

The water continued all the way

水一直流經

through the palace

整個宮殿，

until it reached the western portion

直到抵達宮殿的

of the palace,

西部區域，

where the soldiers lived.

也就是士兵居住的地方。

It was built slightly higher

這裡建得比宮殿其他部分

than the rest of the palace,

稍微高一些，

and so the water had to make

因此水必須進行

a final 6 m climb

最後 6 公尺的爬升

to reach it.

才能到達。

We saw how water wheels

我們看到了水車

were used to raise the water,

是如何被用來提升水位的，

but for this section,

但對於這個區域，

they came up with something

他們想出了更令人

much more impressive.

印象深刻的設計。

This was a special device

這是一個特殊的裝置，

that didn't require water wheels, 文法

不需要水車、

animals,

動物，

or any external power.

或任何外部動力。

Here's how it worked. 表達脈絡

它的運作方式如下。

Water from the system

來自系統的水

would flow into a container

會流入一個容器，

with a hole in the bottom

容器底部有一個孔，

leading down to another container below.

向下連接到下方的另一個容器。

As the water traveled down

當水沿著管道

through the pipe,

向下流動時，

a whirlpool would form 文法

頂部容器中會形成

in the top container.

一個漩渦。

At the center of the whirlpool,

在漩渦的中心，

a low-pressure area would form,

會形成一個低壓區，

sucking air downwards 文法

將空氣向下拉

and into the container below.

並吸入下方的容器中。

Here,

在這裡，

the air and water would mix

空氣和水會混合，

and this gassy water

這種充滿氣體的水

would be forced into a thin pipe.

會被擠進一根細管中。

The potential energy in both pipes

兩根管道中的位能

was the same,

是相同的，

meaning under normal circumstances, 片語搭配

這意味著在正常情況下，

the water pushing down in this pipe

這根管道中向下推的水

would push the water upwards

會將水等量地

equally in this pipe.

向上推入這根管道中。

But since the water

但由於

in the thinner pipe

較細管道裡的水，

was full of air bubbles,

充滿了氣泡，

it was lighter

所以它比較輕，

and could travel higher up the pipe.

可以沿著管道上升得更高。

By passing a constant flow of water 文法

透過讓穩定的水流

through the whirlpool,

穿過漩渦，

this device was able to raise water 文法

這個裝置能夠將水提升至

6 m higher than when it entered,

比進入時高出 6 公尺的地方，

providing water

為宮殿的其餘部分

to the rest of the palace.

提供水源。

Today,

今天，

many of the clever water systems

宮殿周圍許多巧妙的水系統

around the palace still work

仍然在運作，

and it's all thanks 片語搭配

這一切都要歸功於

to the incredible engineers

數百年前

who made them hundreds of years ago.

創造它們的不可思議的工程師們。

And now,

現在，

time for the Primal Space giveaway.

到了 Primal Space 抽獎的時間。

The winner of the previous giveaway

上次抽獎的得主

is Graeme.

是 Graeme。

Congrats.

恭喜。

In the next video,

在下一部影片中，

we'll be giving away

我們將送出

this awesome Alhambra framed print.

這幅超讚的阿爾罕布拉宮裱框畫作。

All you need to do 文法

您只需

is sign up at the link below,

透過下方連結註冊、

like the video,

按讚這部影片，

and leave a comment saying

並留言告訴我們，

which part of the water system

水系統的哪個部分

impressed you the most.

讓您印象最深刻。

Thank you very much for watching

非常感謝您的收看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我們下支影片見。