130,000 fps下的魯珀特之淚之謎 - 每天變聰明一點 86：英語精讀講義

Hey,

嘿，

it's me Destin.

我是Destin。

Welcome back to Smarter Every Day.

歡迎回到《Smarter Every Day》。

Today we're gonna do awesome science with Orbix Hot Glass

今天我們要和Orbix Hot Glass一起做些超酷的科學實驗，

here at Lookout Mountain, Alabama.

地點在阿拉巴馬州的Lookout Mountain。

Goggle up.

戴上護目鏡。

Science is about to happen. 文法

科學實驗馬上開始。

We're gonna use a high speed camera

我們要用一台高速攝影機，

and learn about Prince Rupert's drop.

來了解「魯珀特之淚」。

It's never been done on the internet.

這在網路上以前還沒人做過。

You're gonna learn something and let's go.

你會學到新知識的，我們開始吧。

Okay,

好了，

we are here inside the shop with Cal.

我們現在和Cal在工作室裡。

Cal owns the place.

Cal是這裡的老闆。

Can you show me how to make a Prince Rupert's drop? 文法

你能給我展示下怎麼製作魯珀特之淚嗎？

Sure.

當然。

I'm gonna gather some glass.

我去取一些玻璃液。

Drop it in a bucket of cold water.

把它滴進一桶冷水裡。

Cold water.

冷水。

So,

那麼，

after it cools down, 片語動詞

等它冷卻後，

this is what you're left with. 片語搭配

你就會得到這個。

Kind of looks like a tadpole, 語氣意圖

看起來有點像蝌蚪，

but it has some really interesting mechanical properties. 用詞

但它具有一些非常有趣的力學特性。

We can actually hit this thing with a hammer

我們實際上可以用槌子砸這東西，

and it won't break.

它也不會碎。

Okay,

好的，

I'm ready.

我準備好了。

Didn't go.

沒碎。

Okay,

好了，

I think Cal is kind of a pansy. 用詞

我覺得Cal有點弱爆了。

So,

那麼，

do you think you can break it?

你覺得你能砸碎它嗎？

So,

所以，

we're gonna try again,

我們再試一次，

only this time I'm gonna make him hit it really hard 表達脈絡

不過這次我要讓他狠狠地砸，

and I'm gonna record it with high speed.

然後我會用高速攝影機記錄下來。

Does that work?

這樣行嗎？

Do you think you can break it?

你覺得你能砸碎它嗎？

All right.

好的。

Let's do it.

咱們來吧。

The challenge is on. 慣用語

挑戰開始。

All right,

好，

just hit it?

直接砸嗎？

Yeah.

是的。

So,

那麼，

do you think you actually broke it?

你覺得你真的把它砸碎了嗎？

I don't think you did.

我覺得你沒有。

You think you broke it?

你以為你把它砸碎了？

I know I broke it.

我知道我砸碎了它。

Let's look at the high speed.

讓我們看看高速回放。

Okay,

好的，

so the drop broke,

玻璃滴確實碎了，

but technically it wasn't the hammer that broke it.

但嚴格來說，不是槌子把它砸碎的。

If you look close in the high speed,

如果仔細看高速回放，

you can see that it's the wiggling of the tail that makes it go. 文法

你會發現是尾部的擺動讓它碎裂的。

This is the mystery of the Prince Rupert's drop.

這就是魯珀特之淚的奧秘。

You can try as hard as you can to break the bulb, 文法

你可以使出全身力氣去砸那個頭部，

but you can't.

但你砸不碎。

But if you even nick the tail, 用詞

但如果你稍微弄破哪怕一點尾部，

the entire thing will explode.

整個東西就會爆炸。

Not shatter, 表達脈絡

不是碎裂，

but actually explode.

而是真正的爆炸。

Let's go outside and I'll show you more.

我們去外面，我給你看更多細節。

Okay,

好了，

we're gonna just run an obscene frame rate here. 用詞

我們要在這裡使用一個瘋狂的高幀率。

We have this Phantom V1610.

我們有這台Phantom V1610。

So,

那麼，

glass breaking occurs so fast 文法

玻璃破碎的過程發生得太快了，

that you have to have like hundreds of thousands of frames per second. 語氣意圖

所以你需要每秒幾十萬幀的幀率。

So,

於是，

we're gonna have a lower resolution

我們的解析度會低一些，

and we have to have a lot of light as well.

而且我們還需要很多光線。

We're also gonna use this Miro over here

我們也要用旁邊的這台Miro，

to run about 3,000 frames per second

拍攝大概每秒3000幀的畫面，

so we can get a wide shot 用詞

這樣我們可以獲得一個全景鏡頭，

to see the whole event as well.

從而看到整個過程。

3 2 1 go.

3 2 1 開始。

Ooh.

噢。

Okay,

好了，

now we understand what a Prince Rupert's drop does,

現在我們知道魯珀特之淚有什麼特性了，

but at this point we don't quite understand why it does it. 講解

但目前我們還不完全明白它為什麼會這樣。

Let's take a closer look. 片語搭配

讓我們仔細看看。

Okay,

好的，

this is called a polariscope

這個叫做偏振儀，

and basically what it is is it's a filtered piece of glass that's polarized. 文法

簡單來說就是一塊帶偏振過濾的玻璃。

Now,

現在，

I have another filter here.

我這裡還有一塊濾鏡。

You can see if I turn it,

你可以看到，如果我轉動它，

then I can block out the light. 片語動詞

我就能擋住光線。

Now,

現在，

if I put this on the camera that you're looking through here

如果我把它放在你正在看的鏡頭上，

and then I put the Prince Rupert's drop in between the two pieces of glass,

然後把魯珀特之淚放在兩塊玻璃中間，

you should be able to see the internal stresses built up inside the Prince Rupert's drop. 片語動詞

你應該就能看到魯珀特之淚內部積累的應力。

So,

那麼，

to understand how these stresses got here,

為了理解這些應力是怎麼來的，

let's use the color gray to represent nice and strong solid glass. 片語搭配

讓我們用灰色代表堅固的固體玻璃。

We'll use red to represent molten glass

我們用紅色代表熔融玻璃，

and because of the thermal expansion coefficient,

由於熱膨脹係數的原因，

it's safe to assume that the higher the temperature, 講解

可以肯定地說，溫度越高，

the larger this glass wants to be.

這塊玻璃想要的體積就越大。

Blue represents glass that's cooling off or transitioning between the two states.

藍色代表正在冷卻或在兩種狀態之間過渡的玻璃。

Because of that same thermal expansion coefficient,

同樣因為熱膨脹係數，

this glass is shrinking and basically pulling in on itself.

這塊玻璃在收縮，基本上就是在向內拉扯自己。

Think of a Prince Rupert's drop as a bunch of little infinitesimal pieces of glass 表達脈絡

把魯珀特之淚想像成一堆微小玻璃塊的集合，

with each piece trying to interact with the pieces around it. 文法

每一塊都試圖與周圍的塊發生相互作用。

When the molten glass is first dripped into the water,

當熔融玻璃剛滴入水中時，

the outside layer touches the water and immediately solidifies.

外層接觸到水並立即凝固。

This locks in that outside shape of the drop. 片語動詞

這鎖定了玻璃滴的外部形狀。

The inside of the drop,

玻璃滴的內部，

however,

然而，

is still a hot expanded liquid.

仍然是高溫膨脹的液體。

As heat's transferred to the water, 文法

隨著熱量傳遞給水，

that glass on the inside slowly begins to cool down

內部的玻璃慢慢開始冷卻，

and pulls in against that outside layer.

並向內拉扯那一層外殼。

The problem is that because it's already locked in as a round solid,

問題是，因為外殼已經被鎖定為一個圓形的固體，

it only compresses tighter against itself.

它只能越來越緊地向內擠壓。

This actually makes it stronger,

這實際上讓它變得更堅固了，

kind of like how an arch compresses and gets stronger when you put your weight on it, 講解

就像拱門在受到重壓時會壓縮並變得更堅固一樣，

only this is in all directions.

只不過這發生在所有方向上。

And because the cooling glass can't move that outside layer,

由於冷卻的玻璃無法移動那一層外殼，

it begins to pull against itself,

它開始向內拉扯自身，

causing it to be in extremely high tension. 文法

導致它處於極高的張力之下。

It then hardens in this state of tension and there you have it, 慣用語

然後它在這種張力狀態下硬化，於是就有了，

a Prince Rupert's drop.

一顆魯珀特之淚。

The outside is in extremely high compressive stress 用詞

外部處於極高的壓應力之下，

and the inside is in extremely high tensile stress.

而內部處於極高的拉應力之下。

If one link in this tension chain is ever cut, 慣用語

如果這條張力鏈上的任何一環被切斷，

it breaks on down the line

它就會沿著鏈條破裂，

feeding off of its own stored up energy 片語動詞

消耗它自己儲存的能量，

just like a chemical explosive does.

就像化學爆炸物一樣。

The difference here is that instead of releasing chemical potential energy, 文法

不同之處在於，這裡釋放的不是化學位能，

mechanical strain energy is released.

而是釋放出了機械應變能。

This wave of energy is what we call a failure front. 片語搭配

這股能量波就是我們所說的破壞陣面。

You can directly measure the velocity of that failure front

你可以直接測量那個破壞陣面的速度，

as long as you have a camera fast enough. 文法

只要你的相機足夠快。

Let's give it a shot at 130,000 frames per second. 慣用語

讓我們用每秒130000幀的速度試一下。

3 2 1 go.

3 2 1 開始。

Got it?

拍到了嗎？

So,

那麼，

a big thanks to Cal from Orbix Hot Glass.

非常感謝Orbix Hot Glass的Cal。

If you found this interesting and you want to support him by buying stuff,

如果你覺得這很有趣，想買些東西支持他，

go click on the link wherever I put it

去點我放的連結吧，

and uh go check out his website. 片語動詞

去看看他的網站。

Click the cat to subscribe with the helmet.

點擊那隻戴安全帽的貓訂閱。

It's a sad-looking cat.

牠看起來是隻傷心的貓。

You've never caught the cat on fire, ever?

你從沒把這隻貓點著過，是嗎？

Never.

從來沒有。

Not even once?

一次也沒有？

Never.

從來沒有。

These things are named for a guy named Prince Rupert, 用詞

這東西是以一個叫魯珀特王子的人命名的，

imagine that, 語氣意圖

想像一下，

who lived in Bavaria back in the 1600s. 片語搭配

他在17世紀生活在巴伐利亞。

Here.

給你。

Here.

給。

No.

不。

He brought these over as a gift to King Charles II in England,

他把這些當做禮物帶到英格蘭送給查理二世，

who gave them to his Royal Society to try to figure out. 講解

查理二世又把它們交給了他的皇家學會去試著搞清楚。

Yep,

好的，

ready.

準備。

Holy smokes! 慣用語

我的天！

tension's killing me. 慣用語

這緊張感要折磨死我了。

NO! DON'T blow up! 文法

不！別炸！

You know what,

你知道嗎，

blow...

炸……

Blowed up.

炸了。

Yep.

是啊。

It blowed up,

炸了，