免疫系統全解 I – 細菌感染：英語精讀講義

Every second of your life you are under attack. 慣用語

在你生命中的每一秒，你都在遭受攻擊。

Billions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi

數以十億計的細菌、病毒和真菌

are trying to make you their home. 慣用語

正試圖把你的身體當成它們的家。

So our bodies have developed a super complex little army

因此，我們的身體演化出了一支超級複雜的小型軍隊，

with guards, soldiers, intelligence, weapons factories,

裡面有守衛、士兵、情報人員、武器工廠

and communicators

和通訊員，

to protect you from, uh, well, dying.

來保護你免於……呃，死亡。

For this video,

在這支影片中，

let's assume the immune system has 12 different jobs. 表達脈絡

讓我們假設免疫系統有12種不同的工作。

For example, kill enemies, communicate, etc.

例如，殺死敵人、通訊等等。

And it has 21 different cells and two protein forces.

它擁有21種不同的細胞和兩支蛋白質部隊。

These cells have up to four different jobs.

這些細胞最多有四種不同的工作。

Let's assign them.

讓我們為它們分配任務。

Here are the interactions.

這些是它們之間的互動關係。

Now, let's make this understandable.

現在，讓這一切變得容易理解些。

First of all, let's add colors to the jobs.

首先，我們為這些工作標上顏色。

Now, let's illustrate the cells.

接著，來圖解這些細胞。

The central color represents the main job of the cell, 文法

中間的顏色代表細胞的主要工作，

while the surrounding ones represent secondary duties.

周圍的顏色代表次要職責。

Now, the immune system looks like this.

現在，免疫系統看起來像這樣。

Now, the interactions.

接下來看看互動過程。

Isn't this complexity just awesome?

這種複雜性是不是很酷？

For this video, we will only talk about these cells and ignore the rest. 表達脈絡

在這支影片中，我們將只討論這些細胞，忽略其餘部分。

So, what happens in the case of an infection? 片語搭配

那麼，在感染的情況下會發生什麼事呢？

It's a beautiful day

這是一個美好的一天，

when suddenly a wild rusty nail appears

突然出現了一根野生的生鏽鐵釘，

and you cut yourself.

你割傷了自己。

The first barrier of the immune system is breached, 用詞

免疫系統的第一道防線被突破了，

your skin.

也就是你的皮膚。

Nearby bacteria seize on the opportunity 片語搭配

附近的細菌抓住機會，

and enter your wound.

進入你的傷口。

They start using up the body's resources 片語動詞

它們開始消耗身體的資源，

and double their numbers about every 20 minutes. 片語搭配

數量大約每20分鐘翻一倍。

At first, they fly under the radar, 慣用語

起初，它們悄悄潛伏，

but when a certain bacteria population is reached, 文法

但當細菌達到一定的數量時，

they change their behavior and start to damage the body

它們會改變行為並開始破壞身體，

by changing the environment around them.

方式是改變它們周圍的環境。

The immune system has to stop them as fast as possible. 片語搭配

免疫系統必須盡快阻止它們。

First of all, your guard cells,

首先，你的守衛細胞，

known as macrophages, intervene. 文法

即巨噬細胞，開始介入。

They are huge cells that guard every border region of the body.

它們是守護身體每個邊界區域的巨型細胞。

Most of the time, they alone can suffocate an attack

大多數時候，僅靠它們就能扼殺一次攻擊，

because they can devour up to 100 intruders each.

因為它們每個最多能吞噬100個入侵者。

They swallow the intruder whole and trap it inside a membrane. 片語搭配

它們將入侵者整個吞下並困在膜內。

Then the enemy gets broken down by enzymes and is killed. 片語動詞

然後敵人被酵素分解並被殺死。

On top of that, they cause inflammation 表達脈絡

此外，它們還會引發發炎反應，

by ordering the blood vessels to release water into the battlefield,

透過命令血管向戰場釋放水分，

so fighting becomes easier.

從而讓戰鬥變得更容易。

You notice this as a very mild swelling.

你會感覺這是非常輕微的腫脹。

When the macrophages fight for too long,

當巨噬細胞戰鬥時間過長時，

they call in heavy backup 片語動詞

它們會呼叫重火力增援，

by releasing messenger proteins

透過釋放信使蛋白質，

that communicate location and urgency.

來傳遞位置和緊急情況。

Neutrophils leave their patrol routes in the blood

嗜中性白血球離開血液中的巡邏路線，

and move to the battlefield.

移動到戰場。

The neutrophils fight so furiously 文法

嗜中性白血球戰鬥得極其猛烈，

that they kill healthy cells in the process.

以至於它們在這個過程中也會殺死健康細胞。

On top of that,

此外，

they generate barriers

它們會產生屏障，

that trap and kill the bacteria.

將細菌困住並殺死。

They are indeed so deadly

它們確實非常致命，

that they evolved to commit suicide after 5 days

以至於它們演化到在5天後自殺，

to prevent them from causing too much damage. 文法

以防止它們造成太大的傷害。

If this is not enough to stop the invasion,

如果這還不足以阻止入侵，

the brain of the immune system kicks in. 片語動詞

免疫系統的大腦就會啟動。

The dendritic cell gets active.

樹突細胞開始活躍。

It reacts to the signals of the soldiers 片語搭配

它對士兵的訊號做出反應，

and starts collecting samples from the enemies.

並開始從敵人那裡收集樣本。

They rip them into pieces 片語動詞

它們把敵人撕碎，

and present the parts on their outer layer.

並將這些部分展示在自己的外層。

Now,

現在，

the dendritic cell makes a crucial decision. 片語搭配

樹突細胞做出了一個關鍵決定。

Should they call for antiviral forces 片語動詞

它們應該呼叫抗病毒部隊

that eradicate infected body cells

去根除被感染的身體細胞，

or an army of bacteria killers?

還是呼叫一支細菌殺手軍隊？

In this case, 表達脈絡

在這種情況下，

antibacterial forces are necessary.

抗菌部隊是必要的。

It then travels to the closest lymph node

然後它會前往最近的淋巴結，

in about a day.

大約需要一天的時間。

Here,

在這裡，

billions of helper and killer T cells

數以十億計的輔助型T細胞和殺手T細胞

are waiting to be activated.

正在等待被活化。

When T cells are born,

當T細胞誕生時，

they go through a difficult and complicated training process 片語搭配

它們要經歷一個艱難而複雜的訓練過程，

and only a quarter survives.

只有四分之一能存活下來。

The surviving cells are equipped with a specific setup. 片語搭配

倖存的細胞配備了特定的配置。

And the dendritic cell is on its way

樹突細胞正在路上，

looking for a helper T cell

尋找一個輔助型T細胞，

with a setup that's just right.

一個配置正好合適的T細胞。

It's looking for a helper T cell

它尋找的輔助型T細胞

that combine to the parts of the intruders,

能夠與入侵者的部分相結合，

which the dendritic cell has presented on its membrane.

也就是樹突細胞在其膜上展示的那些。

When it finally finds one,

當它最終找到這樣一個細胞時，

a chain reaction takes place. 片語搭配

連鎖反應發生了。

The helper T cell is activated.

輔助型T細胞被活化。

It quickly duplicates thousands of times.

它迅速自我複製數千次。

Some become memory T cells

一些變成了記憶T細胞，

that stay in the lymph node

留在淋巴結中，

and will make you practically immune against this enemy.

讓你實際上對這種敵人免疫。

Some travel to the field of battle to help out. 片語動詞

另一些前往戰場幫忙。

And the third group goes on to travel to the center of the lymph node 表達脈絡

第三組則前往淋巴結中心，

to activate a very powerful weapons factory.

去活化一個非常強大的武器工廠。

Like the T cells,

就像T細胞一樣，

they're born with a specific setup.

它們（B細胞）天生帶有特定的配置。

And when a B cell and a T cell with the same setup meet,

當具有相同配置的B細胞和T細胞相遇時，

hell breaks loose. 慣用語

戰鬥瞬間爆發。

The B cell duplicates rapidly

B細胞迅速複製，

and starts producing millions of little weapons.

並開始生產數以百萬計的小武器。

They work so hard 文法

它們工作得如此拚命，

that they would literally die from exhaustion very fast.

以至於很快就會字面意義上地死於精疲力竭。

Here,

在這裡，

helper T cells play another important role. 片語搭配

輔助型T細胞發揮了另一個重要作用。

They stimulate the hardworking factories

它們刺激這些努力工作的工廠，

and tell them,

並告訴它們：

"Don't die yet. 語氣意圖

"先別死。

We still need you.

我們還需要你們。

Keep going."

繼續堅持。"

This also ensures that the factories die 文法

這也確保了工廠會在感染結束後死亡，

if the infection is over,

如果感染已經結束，

so the body doesn't waste energy or hurt itself.

這樣身體就不會浪費能量或傷害自己。

But what is produced by the B cells?

但是B細胞生產的是什麼呢？

You've heard of them, 片語搭配

你當然聽說過它們，

of course, antibodies.

當然是抗體。

Little proteins that are engineered

被專門設計用來

to bind to the surface of the specific intruder. 用詞

結合在特定入侵者表面的小蛋白質。

There are even different kinds of antibodies

甚至有不同種類的抗體，

that have slightly different jobs.

有著略微不同的工作。

The helper T cells tell the plasma cells

輔助型T細胞告訴漿細胞

which type is needed the most in this particular invasion. 文法

在這次特定的入侵中最需要哪種類型。

Millions of them flood the blood

數以百萬計的抗體湧入血液，

and saturate the body.

佈滿整個身體。

Meanwhile, at the site of infection, 表達脈絡

與此同時，在感染部位，

the situation is getting dire. 用詞

情況變得越來越危急。

The intruders have multiplied in number

入侵者的數量成倍增加，

and start hurting the body.

並開始傷害身體。

Guard and attack cells fight hard,

守衛和攻擊細胞奮力戰鬥，

but also die in the process.

但也在戰鬥中死亡。

Helper T cells support them

輔助型T細胞支援它們，

by ordering them to be more aggressive 文法

命令它們更具攻擊性

and to stay alive longer.

並盡可能活得更久。

But without help, 文法

但如果沒有幫助，

they can't overwhelm the bacteria.

它們無法戰勝細菌。

But now,

但是現在，

the second line of defense arrives. 慣用語

第二道防線到達了。

Billions of antibodies flood the battlefield

數十億個抗體淹沒了戰場，

and disable lots of the intruders,

使許多入侵者癱瘓，

rendering them helpless 文法

讓它們失去抵抗能力

or killing them in the process.

或在過程中殺死它們。

They also stun the bacteria

它們還能擊暈細菌，

and make them an easy target. 文法

讓它們成為容易被攻擊的目標。

Their back is built to connect to killer cells,

它們的尾部被設計為能與殺手細胞相連，

so they can connect and kill the enemy more easily.

這樣它們就能更容易地連接並殺死敵人。

Macrophages are especially good at nomming up the bacteria,

巨噬細胞尤其擅長吞噬

which antibodies have attached to.

那些被抗體附著的細菌。

Now, the balance shifts. 表達脈絡

現在，戰局發生了逆轉。

In a team effort,

在團隊合作下，

the infection is wiped out. 片語動詞

感染被消滅了。

At this point, 表達脈絡

此時，

millions of body cells have already died.

數百萬個身體細胞已經死亡。

No big deal, 語氣意圖

沒什麼大不了的，

the losses are quickly replenished.

損失很快就能得到補充。

Most immune cells are now useless

絕大多數免疫細胞現在已經沒用了，

and without the constant signals,

而且沒有了持續的訊號，

they commit suicide,

它們就會自殺，

so as not to waste any resources. 文法

以免浪費任何資源。

But some stay behind, 片語動詞

但有一些細胞留了下來，

the memory cells.

它們是記憶細胞。

If this enemy is encountered ever again in the future, 文法

如果將來再次遇到這個敵人，

they will be ready for it

它們會嚴陣以待，

and probably kill it before you even notice.

很可能在你察覺之前就把它殺死了。

This was a very, very simplified explanation

這只是對部分免疫系統運作的

of parts of the immune system at work. 片語搭配

一個非常、非常簡化的解釋。

Can you imagine how complex this system is?

你能想像這個系統有多複雜嗎？

Even at this level,

即使在目前這個層面，

when we ignore so many players and all the chemistry?

當我們忽略了那麼多參與者和所有化學反應時？

Life is awfully complicated,

生命複雜得令人敬畏，

but if we take the time to understand it, 文法

但如果我們花時間去了解它，

we'll encounter endless wonders

我們就會遇到無盡的奇蹟

and great beauty.

和極致的美麗。

This bird has magical powers.

這隻鳥擁有神奇的力量。

Let's see a demonstration.

讓我們來看個示範。

Bring in the latest scientific research. 片語動詞

引入最新的科學研究。

Wow,

哇，

that's a lot of complicated stuff

這可全是關於免疫系統和它所有細胞的

about the immune system and all its cells.

複雜玩意兒。

How could someone possibly understand all of this?

一個人怎麼可能搞懂所有這些？

Incredible.

真是不可思議。

This overview is delightful

這個概覽非常有趣

and easy to grasp, 片語搭配

且通俗易懂，

but still scientifically accurate.

但依然科學嚴謹。

Let's make it a bit more difficult.

讓我們稍微增加一點難度。

Can she make all of evolution visible at a glance? 慣用語

她能讓人一眼看清整個演化過程嗎？

This is brilliant.

太妙了。

You can clearly see the relationships between species

你可以清楚地看到物種之間的關係

and how they evolved.

以及它們是如何演化的。

And look at those illustrations.

看看這些插圖。

These posters are ready to be shared with the world. 文法

這些海報已經準備好與世界分享了。

These very special pieces of Kurzgesagt

這些非常特別的 Kurzgesagt 作品

are now available on our shop

現在在我們的商店有售，

along with many other sciencey products,

還有許多其他充滿科學氣息的產品，

all researched with care 文法

每一件都經過精心研究

and created with love

並由擁有神奇力量的鳥兒們

by the birds with magical powers.

充滿愛心地創作出來。

Every Kurzgesagt product you buy

你購買的每一件 Kurzgesagt 產品

directly funds another moment

都在直接資助我們

we get to spend working on our videos. 文法

能夠花在製作影片上的下一刻。

Thank you so much for being a part of our story 語氣意圖

非常感謝你們成為我們故事的一部分，

and for making this channel possible.

並感謝你們讓這個頻道成為可能。