博物館的意義何在？ ⏲️ 6分鐘英語：英語精讀講義

Six Minute English from bbclearningenglish.com.

來自 bbclearningenglish.com 的《六分鐘英語》。

Hello, this is Six Minute English from BBC Learning English.

大家好，這裡是 BBC 英語教學的《六分鐘英語》。

I'm Neil.

我是尼爾。

And I'm Beth.

我是貝絲。

London has many tourist attractions from Big Ben to Buckingham Palace. 片語搭配

從大笨鐘到白金漢宮，倫敦有許多旅遊景點。

Would it surprise you to hear 語氣意圖

如果你聽說

that many tourists' top destination is actually a museum? 片語搭配

許多遊客的首選目的地實際上是博物館，你會驚訝嗎？

The British Museum contains thousands of important artifacts,

大英博物館收藏了數以千計的重要文物，

objects of special historical interest, 表達脈絡

即具有特殊歷史意義的物品，

including ancient Egyptian mummies, an Aztec serpent and the Rosetta Stone. 文化背景

包括古埃及木乃伊、阿茲特克蛇神雕像和羅塞塔石碑。

In fact,

實際上，

London has museums on every subject from trains to fashion. 片語搭配

倫敦有涵蓋從火車到時尚等各個主題的博物館。

But recently,

但是最近，

many museums have been criticized for stealing ancient treasures during imperial times, 講解

許多博物館因在帝國時代竊取古代珍寶而受到批評，

the age of the British Empire.

即大英帝國時期。

Many argue that these treasures,

許多人認為這些珍寶，

such as the famous Parthenon Marbles and Benin Bronzes, 文化背景

例如著名的帕德嫩神廟大理石雕塑和貝寧青銅器，

should be returned. 文法

應該被歸還。

In this program,

在本期節目中，

we'll discuss the controversial role of museums in the 21st century, 用詞

我們將討論博物館在21世紀所扮演的引發爭議的角色，

and as usual,

像往常一樣，

we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.

我們還將學習一些有用的新詞彙。

But first,

但首先，

I have a question for you, Beth.

貝絲，我有一個問題要問你。

Another of London's most visited museums,

倫敦另一個參觀人數最多的博物館，

the Natural History Museum,

自然歷史博物館，

features a grand entrance hall, 用詞

擁有一個宏偉的入口大廳，

which for decades contained an impressive life-size model of a dinosaur. 用詞

幾十年來，這裡一直擺放著一個令人驚嘆、與真實恐龍等大的模型。

But what was this iconic dinosaur's name? 用詞

但是這隻標誌性的恐龍叫什麼名字？

Was it A,

是 A，

Dippy the Diplodocus,

梁龍迪皮（Dippy the Diplodocus），

B,

B，

Terry the Terradactyl?

翼龍特里（Terry the Terradactyl）？

or C,

還是 C，

Tyrone the Tyrannosaurus?

暴龍泰隆（Tyrone the Tyrannosaurus）？

Uh, I think the answer is Dippy the Diplodocus.

呃，我認為答案是梁龍迪皮。

Okay, Beth.

好的，貝絲。

I'll reveal the answer later in the program. 片語搭配

我將在節目稍後揭曉答案。

Anthropologist Professor Adam Kuper has written a new book,

人類學家亞當·庫珀（Adam Kuper）教授寫了一本新書，

The Museum of Other People,

《他者博物館》（The Museum of Other People），

which discusses the idea that many museum artifacts were stolen

書中探討了許多博物館的文物都是偷來的

and should be given back. 片語動詞

並且應該被歸還的觀點。

Here he speaks to BBC Radio 4 program,

在此，他接受了 BBC Radio 4 節目

Thinking Allowed.

《Thinking Allowed》的採訪，

about two sides of the debate, 片語搭配

討論了辯論的雙方，

one,

一方

which saw European culture as superior, 文法

認為歐洲文化是優越的，

and another which didn't.

而另一方則不這麼認為。

These are the two great ideologies of the imperial age. 用詞

這是帝國時代的兩種偉大意識形態。

The one is that all societies begin from a very rough base, 慣用語

第一種是所有社會都從一個非常粗糙的基礎開始，

you know,

你知道，

we all

我們所有人

our ancestors were hunter-gatherers at one stage.

我們的祖先在某個階段都是狩獵採集者。

And then they go through the stage of farming, 片語搭配

然後他們經歷了農業階段，

industry,

工業階段，

all this while they're getting smarter and smarter, 文法

在此期間他們變得越來越聰明，

their brains are getting bigger and bigger,

他們的大腦變得越來越大，

and they're moving from primitive magic to sophisticated religion, 表達脈絡

他們從原始的魔法轉向成熟的宗教，

then maybe on to science.

然後可能轉向科學。

So it's onwards and upwards. 慣用語

所以這是一直在向前和向上發展的。

That's the imperial idea.

這就是帝國的觀念。

And we're going to help these other poor benighted people up the ladder with us. 講解

我們要幫助這些處於愚昧中的可憐人跟我們一起往上爬。

And opposed to this, 表達脈絡

與此相反，

there's this other 19th century ideology,

還有另一種19世紀的意識形態，

which says,

它認為，

"No,

「不，

this is an imperialist myth. 用詞

這是一個帝國主義神話。

We have our own culture.

我們有自己的文化。

There are no better or worse cultures. 文法

沒有更好或更壞的文化。

There are just national cultures."

只有不同的民族文化。」

Imperialists believed that mankind progressed through stages, 片語搭配

帝國主義者認為人類是透過不同的階段取得進步的，

starting as hunter-gatherers, 用詞

從狩獵採集者開始，

people who lived before the invention of farming

也就是生活在農業發明之前的人，

and survived by hunting and collecting food in the wild. 文法

他們靠在野外打獵和採集食物生存。

According to this view, 表達脈絡

根據這種觀點，

white European culture was best because it was the most advanced. 用詞

歐洲白人文化是最好的，因為它是最先進的。

So it was their duty to help local cultures up the ladder, 語氣意圖

因此，他們有責任幫助當地文化「更上一層樓（up the ladder）」，

meaning to advance or make progress.

意思是取得進展或進步。

Adam Kuper uses the phrase "onwards and upwards"

亞當·庫珀使用短語「onwards and upwards」

to describe a situation where things are improving,

來描述情況正在改善，

becoming better and better.

變得越來越好。

Of course,

當然，

things didn't get better for everyone, 表達脈絡

並不是每個人的情況都變得更好，

especially the people whose land and possessions were stolen.

尤其是那些土地和財產被偷走的人。

An opposing view argued that each culture is unique

相反的觀點則認為每種文化都是獨一無二的，

and should be valued and protected.

應該受到重視和保護。

The legacy of colonialism is now being publicly debated, 講解

殖民主義的遺產現在正被公開討論，

but the question of returning stolen artifacts remains complex. 表達脈絡

但是歸還被盜文物的問題仍然很複雜。

Firstly,

首先，

since many of these treasures are hundreds of years old,

因為許多這些珍寶都有數百年的歷史，

who should they be returned to?

它們應該歸還給誰呢？

What's more, 表達脈絡

此外，

the history behind these objects is complicated.

這些物品背後的歷史很複雜。

In the case of the Benin Bronzes, 片語搭配

以貝寧青銅器為例，

for example,

比如說，

questions can be asked about the actions of local leaders 文法

可以對當地領導人的行為提出質疑，

as well as the European powers. 片語搭配

同樣也可以對歐洲列強的行為提出質疑。

So how can museums display their artifacts to reflect this complex history? 用詞

那麼博物館應該如何展示其文物以反映這段複雜的歷史呢？

Here's Professor Kuper sharing his ideas

以下是庫珀教授在分享他的想法

with BBC Radio 4's Thinking Allowed.

在 BBC Radio 4 的《Thinking Allowed》節目中。

I want to see a lot more temporary exhibitions, 用詞

我希望能看到更多的臨時展覽，

and the kinds of exhibitions that I would be interested in 語氣意圖

而我感興趣的展覽類型

are not about one particular tradition, 文法

不是關於某一個特定的傳統，

but about the relationships between different cultural traditions.

而是關於不同文化傳統之間的關係。

Everything is interconnected. 用詞

一切都是相互聯繫的。

Of course,

當然，

these connections are sometimes violent, 表達脈絡

這些聯繫有時是暴力的，

sometimes oppressive,

有時是壓迫性的，

sometimes very difficult,

有時非常艱難，

sometimes very painful.

有時非常痛苦。

But things are changing.

但是事情正在發生變化。

An exhibition is a display showing a collection of artifacts. 用詞

展覽（exhibition）是展示一組文物的展示活動。

Adam Kuper wants exhibitions to tell truthful stories 慣用語

亞當·庫珀希望展覽能講述真實的故事，

by showing the relationships between cultures

透過展示文化之間的關係

and how events are interconnected,

以及事件是如何 interconnected 的，

connected or related to each other.

即相互連接或相互關聯的。

And these stories must include all cultures

而且這些故事必須包含所有文化，

going back almost to the dinosaurs. 慣用語

幾乎追溯到恐龍時代。

And speaking of dinosaurs, 表達脈絡

說到恐龍，

Neil,

尼爾，

it's time for you to reveal the answer to your question. 片語搭配

是時候揭曉你問題的答案了。

What was the name of the famous dinosaur

那個迎接倫敦自然歷史博物館遊客的

which greeted visitors to London's Natural History Museum? 用詞

著名恐龍叫什麼名字？

I said it was Dippy the Diplodocus.

我說是梁龍迪皮。

Which was the correct answer.

這就是正確的答案。

The 26-metre-long dinosaur

這隻26公尺長的恐龍

was displayed from 1905 until 2017, 文法

從1905年一直展出到2017年，

when it was replaced by the skeleton of a female blue whale,

之後它被一具雌性藍鯨的骨架所取代，

promisingly named Hope. 語氣意圖

這具骨架被充滿希望地命名為 Hope。

Okay,

好的，

let's recap the vocabulary we've learned,

讓我們複習一下我們學過的詞彙，

starting with artifact, 用詞

從 artifact 開始，

an object of historical significance.

具有歷史意義的物品（文物）。

Hunter-gatherers were people

Hunter-gatherers（狩獵採集者）是指

who lived by hunting and collecting wild food

透過打獵和採集野生食物為生的人，

rather than farming. 片語搭配

而不是透過農業。

If someone moves up the ladder,

如果有人 moves up the ladder（更上一層樓），

they advance or make progress.

他們就是取得進展或進步。

The phrase "onwards and upwards"

短語 onwards and upwards（不斷向上）

describes a situation where things are getting better and better.

描述了事情變得越來越好的情況。

An exhibition is a display of artifacts

Exhibition（展覽）是

in a museum or paintings in an art gallery.

在博物館中展示文物或在畫廊中展示畫作。

And finally,

最後，

the adjective "interconnected"

形容詞 interconnected（相互聯繫的）

describes separate things which are connected or related to each other.

描述了相互連接或關聯的獨立事物。

Once again,

我們的時間

our time is up. 片語搭配

又到了。

Join us again soon

歡迎您不久後再次加入我們，

for more trending topics.

了解更多熱門話題。

Goodbye,

再見，

everyone.

各位。

Bye. Six Minute English from the BBC.

再見。來自 BBC 的《六分鐘英語》。