發現理查三世：英語精讀講義

Some mysteries are just waiting to be solved and some end up revealing themselves. 文法

有些謎團只能等待被解開，而有些則會自己浮出水面。

When the King of England, Richard III, was thrown into his grave 500 years ago,

當英格蘭國王理查三世在500年前被草草下葬時，

it started one of the biggest mysteries of all time. 文法

便開啟了史上最大的謎團之一。

Centuries of lies, rumors, myths, and mistakes

幾個世紀以來的謊言、謠傳、神話與錯誤，

led to his burial site becoming shrouded in mystery. 慣用語

導致他的埋骨之地變得迷霧重重。

And the question was, where did he go?

那麼問題來了，他到底去哪兒了？

All of this led one lady to a small parking lot in England

這一切把一位女士引向了英格蘭的一個小停車場，

where all of a sudden an enormous clue revealed itself. 片語搭配

在那裡，一條巨大的線索突然顯現出來。

This is the story of how one of England's most famous kings vanished

這就是英格蘭最著名國王之一離奇消失的故事，

and the incredible work that went into tracking him down. 片語動詞

以及為了尋找到他而付出的令人驚嘆的努力。

We modeled the entire thing to show you how his body was found

我們對整個過程進行了建模，向你展示他的遺骸是如何被發現的，

and the 500-year-old DNA test that proved it was really him.

以及證明那確實是他的那份有著500年歷史的DNA測試。

When the Battle of Bosworth came to an end, 講解

當博斯沃思戰役結束時，

Richard III was found dead.

理查三世被發現已經陣亡。

His enemy, Henry Tudor, immediately declared himself king, 文法

他的死敵亨利·都鐸立即宣布自己為王，

and Richard's body was taken off to the town of Leicester

而理查的遺體被帶到了萊斯特鎮，

and put on display for the whole town to see. 片語搭配

並被公開展示給全鎮人看。

According to records, 片語搭配

根據記錄，

he was buried unceremoniously beneath the Greyfriars Church, 文化背景

他被毫不講究地埋在了灰衣修士教堂的下面，

and a monument was eventually placed above his grave.

並且最終在他的墳墓上方放置了一座紀念碑。

But 40 years later,

但40年後，

Henry VIII began taking down the Catholic Church, 文化背景

亨利八世開始打壓天主教會，

and in just 5 years,

短短5年內，

every church across the country was shut down,

全國各地的每一座教堂都被關閉，

and many were demolished, including Greyfriars.

許多甚至被拆毀，其中就包括灰衣修士教堂。

The land where it once stood was eventually bought by the Mayor of Leicester,

它曾經矗立的那塊土地最終被萊斯特市長買下，

and a mansion was built on top of the site.

並在遺址上建起了一座宅邸。

Although the monument had been destroyed,

儘管紀念碑已被毀，

the Mayor knew exactly where Richard was located,

但市長清楚地知道理查所在的位置，

and so he placed his own monument to mark the spot.

於是他放置了自己的紀念碑來標記這個地點。

But in 1611,

但是在1611年，

a story was published that would completely alter the course of this mystery,

一篇故事發表了，它將徹底改變這個謎團的走向，

written by historian John Speed.

這篇故事由歷史學家約翰·斯皮德所寫。

It stated that when the church was demolished,

它聲稱在教堂被拆毀時，

Richard's body had been taken out by an angry mob

理查的遺體被憤怒的暴民挖出，

and buried under the nearby Bow Bridge.

並埋在了附近的弓橋下。

Although it wasn't clear where this story came from, 文法

雖然不清楚這個故事從何而來，

people started to believe it,

但人們開始相信它，

and over time, 表達脈絡

隨著時間的推移，

it became the truth.

它變成了所謂的真相。

By the 1800s, everyone knew this story.

到了19世紀，每個人都知道這個故事。

And eventually, a plaque was placed next to the bridge to mark the spot of Richard's burial.

最終，在橋邊放置了一塊牌匾，以標記理查下葬的地點。

A few years later,

幾年後，

a skeleton was found in the river,

在河裡發現了一具骷髏，

and people believed they had actually found the body of Richard III. 文法

人們認為他們真的找到了理查三世的遺骸。

By the 21st century,

到了21世紀，

the actual whereabouts of the King were a complete mystery. 用詞

這位國王的真實下落已經成了一個完全的謎團。

The Mayor's mansion that once marked his grave was long gone,

曾經標記他墳墓的市長宅邸早已不復存在，

and the original Greyfriars Church was now buried under several layers of buildings.

而原來的灰衣修士教堂現在被好幾層建築掩埋著。

But in the early 2000s,

但在2000年代初，

members of the Richard III Society started looking for him.

理查三世協會的成員開始尋找他。

Thanks to modern technology,

得益於現代科技，

they were able to recreate Richard's burial using InVideo AI.

他們能夠使用 InVideo AI 重現理查的葬禮。

Just kidding. 語氣意圖

開玩笑的。

InVideo AI, today's sponsor,

InVideo AI，今天的贊助商，

is a tool that lets you turn your ideas into full-length videos,

是一款讓你無論技能水平如何，都能將想法轉化為完整長影片的工具。

no matter your skill level. 文法

無論你的技能水平如何。

Unlike most video tools,

不像大多數影片工具，

which only solve part of the video creation process,

它們只解決影片製作過程的一部分，

InVideo puts you in the director's seat 慣用語

InVideo 讓你坐在導演的位置上，

and does all the heavy lifting. 慣用語

並為你包攬所有繁重的工作。

Just focus on your vision and type in the prompt.

只需專注於你的願景並輸入提示詞。

InVideo will create the first draft of your video in just a few minutes.

InVideo 就能在短短幾分鐘內創建出你影片的初稿。

After that,

之後，

you can fine-tune the video using edit commands. 用詞

你可以使用編輯指令微調影片。

Its capabilities are endless,

它的功能是無窮無盡的，

and you can even get it to clone your voice 文法

你甚至可以讓它複製你的聲音，

and do the narration for you.

並為你進行旁白。

With InVideo as your creative partner,

有了 InVideo 作為你的創作夥伴，

the possibilities are truly endless.

可能性真的是無限的。

You can try InVideo AI for free using the link in the description.

你可以使用描述中的連結免費試用 InVideo AI。

This will save you hundreds of dollars

這將為你節省數百美元，

that you would otherwise spend on editing, animating, and other production costs. 文法

這筆錢你本來要花在剪輯、動畫和其他製作成本上。

In order to find Richard III,

為了找到理查三世，

the search team had to go back through the history books

搜尋團隊不得不翻閱歷史書籍，

and figure out what really happened after he was buried. 片語動詞

並弄清楚他下葬後到底發生了什麼。

They started looking into John Speed's story of Richard being buried under the bridge, 片語動詞

他們開始調查約翰·斯皮德關於理查被埋在橋下的故事，

and that's when they came across something really interesting. 講解

就在那時，他們發現了一件非常有趣的事情。

John had traveled to Leicester in 1611

約翰曾在1611年前往萊斯特

to look for Richard's grave and to make a detailed map of the city.

去尋找理查的墳墓並繪製該市的詳細地圖。

But when he got there,

但當他到達那裡時，

all he found was an overgrown field 文法

他只發現了一片長滿雜草的空地，

and no monument.

而且沒有紀念碑。

The search team took a closer look at his map, 片語搭配

搜尋團隊仔細研究了他的地圖，

and they realized that the Greyfriars Church had been drawn in the wrong location,

他們意識到灰衣修士教堂的位置畫錯了，

and it had actually been drawn in the location of the Blackfriars Church.

它實際上被畫在了黑衣修士教堂的位置上。

Speed had clearly gone to the wrong church,

斯皮德顯然去錯了教堂，

and that's why he didn't find a grave.

這就是他沒有找到墳墓的原因。

If he had gone to the right place, 文法

如果他去了對的地方，

he would have come across the Mayor's mansion

他就會遇到市長的宅邸

with a monument marking where Richard lay.

以及標記理查安息地的紀念碑。

Since he hadn't found a grave,

由於他沒有找到墳墓，

he invented the story of Richard being buried under the bridge.

他便編造了理查被埋在橋下的故事。

This was most likely inspired by the real story of a local priest

這很可能是受到當地一位神父的真實故事的啟發，

who actually was dug up and thrown in the river years before. 片語動詞

多年前，這位神父確實被挖出來並扔進了河裡。

All of this proved that Speed's story was actually false,

所有這些都證明了斯皮德的故事實際上是假的，

and the team could focus their efforts on looking for the Greyfriars Church. 片語搭配

團隊可以將精力集中在尋找灰衣修士教堂上。

But any evidence of the church had long since been covered by buildings, 文法

但是教堂的任何痕跡早就被建築物覆蓋了，

and so finding it would be a huge challenge.

因此找到它將是一個巨大的挑戰。

The earliest map that showed any detail was from 1741,

顯示了細節的最早的地圖來自1741年，

and it showed the Greyfriars area,

它顯示了灰衣修士教堂所在的區域，

which at that point contained the Mayor's mansion

那時那裡坐落著市長的宅邸

and the surrounding gardens.

和周圍的花園。

The monument that once marked Richard's grave would have stood somewhere in this area. 文法

曾經標記理查墳墓的紀念碑就應該在這個區域的某個地方。

By overlaying more modern maps, 文法

透過疊加更現代的地圖，

it showed that a road was eventually built through the area,

結果顯示後來有一條路穿過了該區域，

and today's buildings had been built on top of the gardens.

而今天的建築就建在花園的上面。

By the 21st century,

到了21世紀，

the Greyfriars area had been almost completely covered by buildings,

灰衣修士教堂區域幾乎完全被建築物覆蓋，

and the remaining bits of land had been turned into parking lots.

剩餘的土地變成了停車場。

In 2005, Philippa Langley,

2005年，菲莉帕·蘭利，

who was leading the research,

這位負責領導研究的人，

came to one of these parking lots to investigate.

來到了其中一個停車場進行調查。

When she was there,

當她在那裡時，

she had a strong feeling that she was in the right place. 片語搭配

她有一種強烈的感覺，覺得自己來對地方了。

And then, as if by magic, 慣用語

然後，彷彿變魔術一般，

a sign revealed itself.

一個標誌顯現了出來。

Although this R was obviously just a reserved parking spot, 文化背景

儘管這個R顯然只是代表預留停車位，

she felt like this was the place to start digging. 文法

但她覺得這就是開始挖掘的地方。

And so, several years later,

於是，幾年後，

a team of archaeologists led by Philippa 文法

由菲莉帕帶領的一隊考古學家

finally got permission to dig. 片語搭配

終於獲得了挖掘許可。

But they only had enough money to dig up a fraction of the parking lot, 片語搭配

但他們籌集的資金只夠挖掘停車場的一小部分，

and so they had to be very efficient.

所以他們必須非常高效。

Churches were typically positioned from east to west,

教堂通常是東西朝向佈置的，

and so they planned to dig three trenches that would hopefully overlap with part of the church.

因此他們計劃挖掘三條壕溝，希望能與教堂的一部分重疊。

On the 25th of August,

在8月25日，

exactly 527 years since Richard was buried,

距離理查下葬整整527年的那一天，

the team started digging the first trench.

團隊開始挖掘第一條壕溝。

The whole project was expected to take around 2 weeks,

整個專案預計需要大約兩週時間，

and the chances of actually finding a grave seemed almost impossible. 文法

而實際找到墳墓的機會似乎微乎其微。

But, amazingly,

但是，令人驚嘆的是，

just 6 hours into the first day, 用詞

在第一天剛挖了6個小時的時候，

they came across a skeleton

他們就發現了一具骷髏

just a few meters away from the letter R.

距離字母R只有幾公尺遠。

It had major damage to the skull

它的頭骨有嚴重的損傷，

and a uniquely curved spine.

並且脊柱彎曲得非常獨特。

Richard was often referred to as a hunchback, 片語搭配

理查經常被稱為駝背，

with one shoulder being higher than the other. 文法

他的一個肩膀比另一個肩膀高。

This curved spine and the damage to the skull was a big sign that they had just found Richard III.

這條彎曲的脊柱和頭骨上的損傷是一個明確的信號，表明他們剛剛找到了理查三世。

But in order to really prove it was him,

但為了真正證明那就是他，

the team had to use every modern technique imaginable. 文法

團隊必須使用所有能想到的現代技術。

One method was to take DNA from the skeleton

其中一種方法是從骷髏中提取DNA，

and see if it matched with a known descendant of Richard III.

看看它是否與已知的理查三世後代相匹配。

One of the best chances was to look for the mitochondrial DNA. 文化背景

可能性最高的方法之一是尋找粒線體DNA。

But this type of DNA only gets passed down by mothers. 片語動詞

但這種DNA只由母親遺傳。

And so, the team had to hope that there was an unbroken line of female generations

因此，團隊必須希望有一條不間斷的女性代際線

that led all the way to Richard III.

一直追溯到理查三世時代。

Amazingly, there was.

令人驚嘆的是，真的有。

By looking instead at Richard III's sister,

透過轉而研究理查三世的姊姊，

they were able to track down 16 generations of females

他們能夠追查到16代女性後裔，

all the way to a woman called Joy Brown.

一直追溯到一個名叫喬伊·布朗的女人。

Sadly, she had passed away, 片語動詞

遺憾的是，她已經去世了，

but her son,

但她的兒子，

Michael Ibsen,

邁克爾·易卜生，

was still alive.

仍然在世。

The same DNA that Richard got from his mother

理查從他母親那裡遺傳到的相同DNA

should also have been passed down to Michael Ibsen. 文法

也應該遺傳給了邁克爾·易卜生。

But if just one of these points in the family tree was incorrect, 文法

但如果這個家譜中的哪怕一個節點不正確，

it would throw the whole thing off. 片語動詞

整個推論就會被推翻。

And so, to make it more certain,

因此，為了更加確定，

they traced down another line of females,

他們追查了另一條女性血脈，

which led to a woman called Wendy.

這條線索指向了一個名叫溫蒂的女人。

By comparing her DNA with Michael's,

透過比較她和邁克爾的DNA，

they were able to confirm that they were both related to each other,

他們能夠確認兩人彼此有血緣關係，

and therefore, direct descendants of Richard III's mother.

從而確認他們都是理查三世母親的直系後代。

Before they could get DNA results from Richard's skeleton,

在從理查的遺骸獲得DNA結果之前，

they sent it off to do carbon dating tests, 講解

他們把它送去做碳年代測定測試，

which would determine the age of the skeleton.

以確定遺骸的年代。

Our bodies absorb carbon 14,

我們的身體會吸收碳14，

but when we die, the carbon 14 starts to decay at a known rate. 片語搭配

但當我們死亡時，碳14開始以已知速率衰變。

By calculating how much carbon 14 was left in the skeleton,

透過計算骨架中剩餘了多少碳14，

the scientists could determine how long the body had been dead for. 文法

科學家可以確定這具身體已經死亡多久。

As it turns out, the results initially showed that the body was a few decades older than Richard's. 講解

結果顯示，起初測試結果表明這具遺體比理查的年代要早幾十年。

But what the results also showed was that whoever it was, 文法

但結果還表明，無論這個人是誰，

they had a protein-rich seafood diet,

他們的飲食中都富含高蛋白海鮮，

which would have only been possible for someone living a high-class life. 文法

這只有過著上流社會生活的人才有可能做到。

This was a crucial bit of information, 片語搭配

這是一條至關重要的資訊，

because a diet like this would have altered how much carbon 14 was lost.

因為像這樣的飲食會改變碳14的流失量。

Factoring this in, 片語動詞

考慮到這一點，

the new results showed that the skeleton was almost certainly from the time of Richard's death. 用詞

新的結果顯示，這具骷髏幾乎可以肯定來自理查去世的那個時期。

At the same time,

與此同時，

the results from the DNA test were in, 用詞

DNA測試的結果也出來了，

and they showed a clear match between Michael and the skeleton, 片語搭配

結果顯示邁克爾和這具遺骨明顯匹配，

proving that the search for Richard III was over. 表達脈絡

證明對理查三世的尋找已經結束。

And now, time for the Primal Space giveaway.

現在，到了 Primal Space 贈品活動的時間。

The winner of the previous giveaway is Landon.

上一次贈品活動的獲勝者是蘭登。

Congrats.

恭喜你。

In the next video,

在下一個影片中，

we'll be giving away this awesome Richard III framed print.

我們將贈送這幅精美的理查三世鑲框版畫。

All you need to do is sign up at the link below,

你只需要在下方的連結註冊，

like the video,

給影片點讚，

and leave a comment saying what you thought about this amazing discovery.

並留言說出你對這個驚人發現的看法。

Thank you very much for watching,

非常感謝您的觀看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我們下個影片再見。